Kyuri Ib: scientific achievements. Nobel nqi zog rau physics, Pierre thiab Marii Kyuri

Ib Kyuri (May 15, 1859 - Plaub Hlis Ntuj 19, 1906) yog ib tug Fabkis txoj physicist, ib tug pioneer nyob rau hauv crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity thiab radioactivity.

kev vam meej zaj dabneeg

Ua ntej nws tuaj koom txoj kev soj ntsuam ntawm nws tus poj niam - Maria Sklodowska-Curie, Ib Kyuri twb lug paub thiab hwm nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm physics. Ua ke nrog nws tus tij laug Jacques, nws nrhiav tau lub phenomenon ntawm piezoelectricity, qhov twg tus siv lead ua yuav ua tau electrically polarized, thiab invented lub quartz teev. Nws ua hauj lwm rau lub symmetry ntawm muaju thiab tshawb pom nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm magnetism thiab kub kuj tau pom zoo nyob rau hauv lub scientific lub zej lub zos. Nws noj lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv 1903 nyob rau hauv physics nrog Anri Bekkerelem thiab nws tus poj niam Mariey Kyuri.

Pierre thiab nws tus poj niam tau ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub foundations ntawm radium thiab polonium, tej uas tau muaj ib tug tseem ceeb feem ntawm tib neeg nrog cov tswv yim thiab nuclear zog. Lawv sib yuav nrhiav tau kev dynasty: cov me nyuam thiab cov xeeb ntxwv uas nto moo physicists kuj ua zoo-paub zaum.

Marie thiab ib Kyuri: A Biography

Pierre tau yug los nyob rau hauv Paris, Fabkis, nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg ntawm Sophie-Kler Depui, tus ntxhais ntawm ib lub Hoobkas tswv, thiab Dr. Eugene Curie, freethinking tus kws kho mob. Nws txiv txaus siab rau tsev neeg ntawm coj kev kho mob xyaum, ib txhij kom los siav nws txoj kev hlub ntawm science. Ezhen Kyuri yog ib tug idealist thiab ib tug staunch Republican, thiab nrhiav tau ib tug tsev kho mob rau cov raug mob thaum lub sij hawm lub Commune ntawm 1871.

Pierre tau txais nws pre-tsev kawm ntawv kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv tsev. Nws qhia thawj los ntawm nws niam, thiab ces - txiv thiab tus tij laug, Jacques. Nws tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam cov excursion mus rau lub countryside, nyob qhov twg Pierre yuav soj ntsuam thiab kawm txog nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu, tsim ib txoj kev hlub ntawm qhov, fwm nyob rau hauv nws lub neej, uas yog nws tib si thiab so thaum lub sij hawm koj tom ntej scientific hauj lwm. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 14, nws pom ib tug muaj zog ib txwm mus pes tsawg sciences thiab pib kawm nrog ib tug xib fwb ntawm kev kawm txog zauv, uas tau pab nws los tsim nws qhov khoom pub nyob rau hauv qhov kev qhuab qhia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog spatial sawv cev.

Curie me nyuam tub saib thwmsim ua los ntawm nws tus txiv, thiab pom muaj ib tug nyiam nyiam heev rau kev sim kev tshawb fawb.

Ntawm pharmacists nyob rau hauv Physics

Pierre paub nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm physics thiab lej coj nws nyob rau hauv 1875. Bachelor of Science degree nyob rau lub hnub nyoog ntawm kaum.

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 18 xyoo, nws tau txais ib tug sib npaug degree nyob rau Sorbonne, kuj hu ua tus University of Paris, tab sis tsis sai li sai tau nkag mus hauv lub doctoral kev pab cuam uas tsis muaj nyiaj. Tiam sis, nws tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug kuaj pab nyob rau ntawm nws alma mater nyob rau hauv 1878, ua ib tug pab cuam Paul Desena, lub luag hauj lwm rau laboratory chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm-physicists. Thaum nws kwv nws tij Jacques ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj ntawm mineralogy nyob rau Sorbonne, thiab lawv pib ib tug tsim lub sij hawm ntawm tsib lub xyoos ntawm scientific kev sib koom tes.

muaj kev vam meej sib yuav

Nyob rau hauv 1894, Pierre tau ntsib nws rau yav tom ntej tus poj niam - Mariey Sklodovskoy, uas kawm physics thiab zauv ntawm lub Sorbonne, thiab sib yuav nws Xya hli ntuj 25, 1895, uas tau ua ib tug yooj yim civil tshoob ceremony. Tau txais raws li ib tug kab tshoob tam sim no nyiaj Maria siv rau lub purchase ntawm ob tsheb kauj vab, uas tus ob peb ua ib tug kab tshoob txawv tebchaws mus rau lub Fabkis xeev, thiab cov uas yog lawv cov thawj txoj kev ua si rau ntau xyoo. Nyob rau hauv 1897 lawv muaj ib tug ntxhais, thiab ib tug ob peb hnub tom qab ntawd, Pierre tus niam tuag. Dr. Curie tsiv mus rau cov khub niam txiv hluas thiab pab saib xyuas kuv tus ntxhais xeeb ntxwv, Iren Kyuri.

Pierre thiab Marie mob siab nws tus kheej rau kev ua hauj lwm. Ua ke lawv pom tias polonium thiab radium, twb tho kev nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm radioactivity thiab yog thawj tug uas siv cov sij hawm no. Nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm, xws li tus naas ej doctoral thesis Maria, lawv siv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm ib tug rhiab piezoelectric electrometer, tsim los ntawm Pierre thiab nws tus tij laug Jacques.

Ib Kyuri: A Biography ntawm tus paub txog

Nyob rau hauv 1880, nws thiab nws tus tij laug Jacques pom hais tias lub compression ntawm tus siv lead ua ib tug hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm, piezoelectricity. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd (thaum 1881 ib xyoo) tau tau pom hais tias qhov opposite nyhuv: cov muaju yuav deformed los ntawm cov hluav taws xob field. Yuav luag tag nrho cov hluav taws xob niaj hnub no siv no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv uas siv lead ua oscillators.

Ua ntej mus rau nws tus nto moo doctoral thesis rau magnetism ntsuas magnetic coefficients Fabkis physicist tau tsim thiab zoo tag nrho ib tug tsis tshua rhiab Torsion tshuav nyiaj li cas. Lawv hloov kho tau siv thiab ua raws li los ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm nyob rau hauv daim teb no.

Pierre kawm ferromagnetism, paramagnetism thiab diamagnetism. Nws sab thiab piav txog tus dependence ntawm ib yam khoom uas muaj peev xwm magnetized los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, paub hnub no raws li lub Curie txoj cai. Lub qhov nyob rau hauv txoj kev cai no yog hu ua tus Curie qhov. Pierre kuj pom tias ferromagnetic tshuaj muaj ib tug tseem ceeb heev kub ntawm txoj kev hloov, saum toj no uas lawv poob nws ferromagnetic zog. Qhov no tshwm sim yog hu ua tus Curie point.

Ib tug hauv paus ntsiab lus uas tau formulated Ib Kyuri, cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm symmetry, yog hais tias lub cev los yuav ua rau asymmetry, cov tsis muaj nws ua. Piv txwv li, ib tug random sib tov ntawm xuab zeb nyob rau hauv weightlessness asymmetry twb tsis muaj (cov xuab zeb yog isotropic). Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus vim lub asymmetry ntawm lub teb cov kev coj tshwm sim. Grits "txheeb" nyob rau hauv ceev, uas tsub kom nrog lub qhov tob. Tab sis qhov no tshiab particle qhia interposition xuab zeb ua tau qhia qhov asymmetry ntawm lub gravitational teb, yuav ua rau lub sib cais.

radioactivity

Pierre thiab Marie ntawm radioactivity ua hauj lwm raug raws li nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm X-rays thiab Anri Bekkerelya. Nyob rau hauv 1898, tom qab uas nws kim heev kev tshawb fawb, lawv sab polonium thiab ib tug ob peb lub hlis tom qab ntawd - radium, allocating 1 g ntawm no tshuaj caij ntawm uraninite. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv pom tias beta rays tsis zoo them hais.

Qhov qhib ntawm Pierre thiab Marii Kyuri yuav tsum tau siv zog npaum. Tsis muaj nyiaj txaus, thiab txuag rau nqi kev mus los, ua hauj lwm lawv biked. Tseeb, tus kws qhia ntawv lub nyiaj hli yog tsawg heev, tab sis ob peb txuas ntxiv mus zaum rau siab siv lawv lub sij hawm thiab nyiaj txiag los tshawb fawb.

Tus foundations ntawm polonium

Cov pub leejtwg ntawm lawv kev kawm tau zoo nyob rau hauv thov Tis Curie txoj kev tshiab ntawm tshuaj tsom xam, raws li nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb ntsuas ntawm hluav taws xob. Txhua yam khoom uas twb muab tso rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov phiaj ntawm lub capacitor, thiab ib tug electrometer siv ib tug piezoelectric quartz thiab ntsuas cua conductivity. Qhov no kom muaj nuj nqis yog xwm yeem mus rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm active tshuaj xws li uranium los yog thorium.

Qhov ob peb soj ntsuam tawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm zoo siv tag nrho cov paub cov ntsiab thiab pom hais tias tsuas uranium thiab thorium yog tej. Cuaj kaum, lawv txiav txim siab los ntsuas cov tawg tawm txim liab los ntawm lub ores los ntawm uas yog muab rho tawm uranium thiab thorium, xws li halkolit thiab uraninite. Ore tsom kev ua si uas yog 2.5 lub sij hawm ntau tshaj li uas ntawm uranium. Tom qab kev kho mob nrog ib tug acid residue, thiab hydrogen sulfide, lawv pom hais tias tus active tshuaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tshuaj nrog Bismuth. Cuaj kaum, lawv muaj tiav ib tug ib nrab division, sau cia hais tias lub Bismuth sulfide yog tsawg volatile tshaj lub sulfide yog ib tug tshiab lub caij, uas lawv muaj npe polonium nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm Marii Kyuri teb ntawm teb chaws Poland.

Radium, radiation, thiab cov Nobel nqi zog

Hlis ntuj nqeg 26, 1898 thiab Jacques Curie Bemoni, lub taub hau ntawm kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub "Kev tsav tsheb kiag tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Industrial Physics thiab Science News for KIDS", nyob rau hauv nws tsab ntawv ceeb toom mus rau lub Academy ntawm Sciences tshaj tawm lub foundations ntawm ib tug tshiab lub caij, uas lawv muaj npe radium.

Fabkis physicist, nrog rau ib qho ntawm nws cov menyuam kawm ntawv rau thawj lub sij hawm qhia lub zog ntawm cov atom, nrhiav ib tug tas mus li tshav kub tawg hais tshiab khiv sab caij. Nws kuj tshawb xyuas cov tawg ntawm tej tshuaj, thiab nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm magnetic teb, nws muaj peev xwm los mus txiav txim hais tias ib co ntawm cov tawm txim liab hais yog zoo them, lub lwm - nyob rau hauv qhov tsis zoo, thaum lwm tus neeg tau nruab nrab. Yog li ntawd sab hauv lub alpha, beta thiab gamma tawg.

Curie muab qhia lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Physics nyob rau hauv 1903 nrog nws tus poj niam thiab Anri Bekkerelem. Nws twb muab nyob rau hauv paub ntawm lub extraordinary kev pab lawv mus los ntawm lawv cov researches tawg phenomena sab los ntawm cov xibfwb Becquerel.

tsis ntev los no xyoo

Ib Kyuri, uas nws discoveries chiv twb tsis lug txais nyob rau hauv Fabkis, uas tsis pub kom nws coj lub rooj zaum ntawm lub cev Science News for KIDS thiab mineralogy nyob rau Sorbonne, mus rau Geneva. Tus mus hloov tej yam uas yuav tau piav los ntawm nws leftist views thiab tsis pom zoo tshaj cov kev cai ntawm lub Peb koom pheej nyob rau hauv relation mus science. Tom qab nws candidacy cam khwb cia tawm nyob rau hauv 1902, nyob rau hauv 1905 nws tau mus nyob hauv lub Academy.

Lub hwj chim ntawm lub Nobel nqi zog tau sim hawm caij nyoog lub Fabkis Parliament nyob rau hauv 1904 mus nrhiav kom tau ib tug tshiab professorship rau Curie nyob rau Sorbonne. Pierre hais tias nws tsis nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Physics, thaum muaj yuav tsis tau nyiaj txiag los ntawm txoj kev kuaj nrog rau cov tsim nyog naj npawb ntawm cov neeg pab. Nws thov tau ntsib, thiab Mary taws nws laboratory.

By pib ntawm 1906, ib Kyuri yog npaj txhij, thaum kawg, rau thawj lub sij hawm mus pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kom tej yam kev mob, txawm tias nws yog neeg muaj mob thiab nkees heev.

Plaub Hlis Ntuj 19, 1906 nyob rau hauv Paris, thaum lub sij hawm noj su so, mus los ntawm ib tug lub rooj sib tham nrog lug txhawb cov miv nyob rau Sorbonne, dua slippery los ntawm los nag Rue Dauphine Curie slipped nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm tus nees carriage. Tus kws tshawb fawb tuag nyob rau hauv cov kev huam yuaj. Nws untimely tuag, tab sis yog sib hlub ua neej, txawm li cas los, pab nws kev khiav txoj kev tuag los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias ib Kyuri sab - hluav taws xob kis, thiab tom qab ntawd tua nws tus poj niam. Qhov ob peb yog faus nyob rau hauv lub crypt ntawm lub Pantheon nyob rau hauv Paris.

Lub legacy ntawm tus paub txog

Lub radioactivity ntawm radium ua rau nws ib tug tsis tshua txaus ntshai tshuaj caij. Zaum pom tau hais tias nws tsuas yog tom qab txoj kev siv cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw los taws dials, panels, ntoos, thiab lwm yam kev seev nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua thaum ntxov pib muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov kev kho mob ntawm cov kws kho thiab tau txais kev pab. Txawm li cas los, radium chloride yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj rau kev kho mob ntawm cancer.

Polonium tau txais ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov tswv yim daim ntawv sau npe nyob rau hauv lub muaj thiab nuclear chaw. Nws kuj paub tias yuav tsum heev tshuaj lom thiab yuav siv tau raws li ib tug tshuaj lom. Tej zaum qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog nws siv raws li ib tug neutron fuse rau nuclear riam phom.

Nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm Pierre Curie nyob rau hauv lub Radiology Congress nyob rau hauv 1910 tom qab kev tuag ntawm Physics tau muaj npe tsev ntawm radioactivity sib npaug zos rau 3.7 x 10 ¹⁰ disintegrations ib ob los yog 37 gigabecquerels.

Science dynasty

Cov me nyuam thiab cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm physicists kuj ua tseem ceeb kws tshawb fawb. Lawv tus ntxhais, Irene sib yuav Frederika Zholio nyob rau hauv 1935, ua ke lawv tau txais lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS. Tus yau tus ntxhais Eva, yug nyob rau hauv 1904, sib yuav ib tug American diplomat thiab cov thawj coj ntawm lub UN Cov me nyuam Fund. Nws yog tus sau ntawm lub biography ntawm nws niam, "Madame Curie" (1938), txhais ua ntau yam lus.

Ntxhais xeeb ntxwv - Hélène Langevin-Joliot - los ua ib tug xib fwb ntawm nuclear physics ntawm lub University of Paris, thiab nws tus tub xeeb ntxwv - Pierre Joliot-Curie thiab muaj npe nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm nws yawg - ib tug zoo-paub biochemist.