Sib tw kev cai lij choj systems ntawm cov

Xav kev cai lij choj systems ntawm modernity hauv ib qhov ntawm cov kev cai lij choj qhuab qhia, tshwj xeeb yog phau ntawv sau phau ntawv, cov xib fwb, thiab cov kws muaj nyob rau hauv lub siab, ntawm chav kawm, lub system muaj ib qho chaw yuav tsum tau tom tej taw tes ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Xws li Nws npog tsis tau tsuas yog nta ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev cai lij choj, tab sis lub tshuab nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg lub teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

Rau hnub tim, peb yuav paub qhov txawv ntawm ob mus rau ib co raws li sib tw systems. Lawv yog cov zoo tshaj plaws, pheej yig thiab ntau: lub Romano-Germanic thiab Anglo-Saxon. Tej zaum nrog lawv thiab hu ua socialism, tiam sis muaj ntau historians cam hais tias ib tug kev sib raug zoo system yog ib tug hloov theem ntawm ib tug system mus rau lwm lub.

Cov kev cai lij choj systems ntawm modernity kuj minuses, ib co pluses. Tej zaum cov thawj outweigh rau tom kawg. Thiab ib tug thiab tib system nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws muaj peev xwm yuav tsim nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev nyob rau hauv kev sib hwm ntawm ib co ntsiab ntawm lub cev ntau sai sai thiab lwm tus maj mam.

Txhua system muaj xws li, li cais hais, tsis tsuas cov kev ua, txoj kev pravoosuschestvleniya, tab sis kuj cov kev cai lij choj khiav ntawm cov pej xeem. Cov kev zoo sib thooj ntawm cov neeg hais ntawm ib tug cia li thiab cia lub system kom muaj xws li ib tug tej yam "kev cai lij choj tsev neeg".

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, cov niaj hnub raws li txoj cai systems muaj lawv lub teb chaws thiab keeb kwm nta. Qhov no yuav pom txawm nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm tus thawj xib fwb kev cai lij choj "tsev neeg".

continental system

Lavxias teb sab kev cai lij choj xa mus rau raws li "tsev neeg" Romano-Germanic los yog continental (raws li nws yog hu ua) system. Lawv muab tib kev cai lij choj hauv paus rau lub teb chaws ntawm cov teb chaws Europe, Nyiv, Latin America thiab Tuam Tshoj (nyob rau hauv ib feem). Lub ntsiab feature ntawm no system yog tus nrog paub txog inviolable tib neeg txoj cai (lub Constitution) thiab qhov qee ntawm cov luag num rau cov neeg pej xeem ntawm lawv lub teb chaws. Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub Roman postulates of Rights, zoo hloov nyob rau hauv European universities. Cov kev cai ntawm txoj kev cai lij choj yog tsim los ntawm ib tug series ntawm cov lis dej num, tab sis muaj ntau dua kev cai lij choj quab yuam ntawm cov kevcai tswj. Nws ua tau raws li nyob rau hauv nws thiab hloov tag nrho cov cai nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, vim hais tias nws muaj cov cai ntawm cov pej xeem raws li lub zoo tshaj plaws nqi ntawm lub xeev. Cov kev zoo sib thooj ntawm cov kevcai tswj, muaj lwm yam continental kev cai lij choj lub teb chaws (piv txwv li, lub tshaj tawm ntawm Rights nyob rau hauv cov European Union).

Qhov thib ob feature ntawm lub "tsev neeg" - qhov kev sib cais ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo thiab lwm (ua tswvcuab lub tswvyim ntawm kiag thiab ntiag tug). Nws yog tsis muaj daim card uas muaj tej yam teeb meem thaum cov pej xeem thiab cov kev txaus siab ntawm cov neeg yog zoo intertwined. Thiab feem ntau cov kev cai lij choj yuav tsum tau txhais nyob rau hauv dej ntawm lub zej zog thiab rau cov kev pab ntawm lub pej xeem. Tab sis hais plaub ntug system tso cai rau koj mus parse, kom daws tau ib lub rooj thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, kom hloov mus rau cov lis dej num ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation: general (xws li ib tug pej xeem) thiab tshwj xeeb (vaj tse, tsev neeg, thiab lwm yam).

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, kev cai lij choj systems ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tau zoo: muaj cai nyob rau hauv cov cuab yeej fwm thiab lwm yam, uas tsis yog Ameslikas.

Lub Anglo-Saxon system

Lwm ntau system yog lub Anglo-Saxon: hauv lub tebchaws United States thiab cov British tebchaws (Great teb chaws Aas Kiv, tsis zoo li lwm teb chaws, Canada, New Zealand, Nigeria, Australia thiab lwm tus). Lub hauv paus ntawm lub system tso cia tsoom fwv teb chaws cov qauv ntawm cov zos: centralisation ntawm lub hwj chim. Hloov, lub Anglo-Saxon system tau siv lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - kev ncaj ncees. Yuav kom ua raws li lub siab - xws li ib tug hauv paus ntsiab lus, nws yuav zoo li, yuav kom daws tau qhov teeb meem loj ntawm lub continental system - dissatisfaction nrog ob tog, vim yog txawv nyob rau hauv tus txhais lus los ntawm cov kev cai lij choj. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no siv tau rau hnub no: thaum tus kev cai lij choj yog powerless mus thov kev ncaj ncees (dua raws li cov subjective taw tes ntawm view ntawm lub tsev hais plaub) kev ntsuas. Txawm li cas los, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev sib hwm ntawm ntiag tug, contractual kev sib raug zoo, kev hais plaub ntug kev nplua. Thiab tsuas yog nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm ntau kev cai lij choj cov qauv.

Lub tswvyim ntawm cov private nyob rau hauv lub Anglo-Saxon system yog npaum li cas nrug, thiab chaw pib tsawg sib txawv ntawm cov pej xeem. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv private cov cai ntawm ob tuam txhab uas muag thiab cov tib neeg (cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ncaj ncees "muaj").

Yog li ntawd, dabneeg tus thawj xib fwb kev cai lij choj systems ntawm cov tam sim no txawv nyob rau hauv txoj kev kom tau raws li lub ntsiab tib neeg txoj cai. Thiab kom deb li deb raws li kev ncaj ncees tswj mus cuag lub hom phiaj no - nws yog ib qhov nyuaj los txiav txim rau cov neeg ciaj xwb nyob rau ib system, tsis tau ntsib dua cov nyhuv uas cov lwm yam.

Nyob rau hauv xaus, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias txoj kev cai systems ntawm cov tam sim no tej zaum kuj muaj ib yam txawv: qhov ntau tej "nqaim" ntaub ntawv (Islamic txoj cai, cov neeg Yudais, thiab lwm yam), thiab thoob ntiaj teb teev (raws li ib qho piv txwv peb yuav noj cov European Union thiab cov tshaj tawm rau Human Rights ).