Alkaloid - yog ... ib suam ntawm alkaloids, yam ntxwv

Txij ancient sij hawm, cov neeg tau siv herbal cov khoom xyaw los tejzaum mob thiab tau tshem ntawm cov kab mob thiab ailments. Txawm li cas los, txoj kev tshawb no yog cov tivthaiv muaj pes tsawg leeg, qhov qee ntawm cov tebchaw uas muaj xws li ib cov nyhuv twb tau nrog ib tug broad thiab loj heev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Science News for KIDS raws li ib tug science, uas yog, los ntawm lub XVII caug xyoo.

Nws yog ces nyob rau hauv lub depths ntawm tsob nroj kab mob, thiab hnub no, thiab nyob rau hauv ib co tsiaj txhu, sab nitrogen-muaj organic tebchaw, uas muab xws li ib tug dav kho nyhuv. Txij li thaum 1819 lub npe ntawm no pab pawg neeg ntawm tshuaj - alkaloids. Tswv yim V.Meysnerom, tus kws muab tshuaj thiab tus kws kho mob.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib qho alkaloid?

Tam sim no txais tias alkaloid - ib tug cyclic compound muaj constituting lub nplhaib los yog sab saw ib tug los yog ob peb nitrogen atoms thiab tshuaj xwm ntawm lub tsim thaj chaw ntawm lub zog alkalis, xws li ammonia. Yav tas los hais cov lus txhais ntawm cov tshuaj raws li ib tug nitrogen puag derivatives ntawm pyridine. Txawm li cas los, ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tebchaw ntawm no pab pawg neeg tom qab sab, uas tsom hais tias xws li txhais lus yog tsis muaj tseeb nkaus, thiab tsis them rau cov tag nrho cov ntau yam ntawm alkaloids.

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm no cov ntaub ntawv uas tau txais thiab soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv 1803 los ntawm zaum Dersonom. Nws yog tus morphine derived ntawm opium. Tom qab, nws tus kheej ntawm txhua tus lwm yam, muaj ntau zaum muaj sab ib tug xov tooj ntawm txoj heterocyclic tebchaw los ntawm kev cog khoom. Li ntawd, kuv muaj lub tswv yim hais tias qhov no tshuaj alkaloid- mas tej yam ntuj tso keeb kwm. Nws yuav ua tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag.

Cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm cov molecules

Los ntawm lawv tshuaj xwm, cov tshuaj - ib tug nitrogen-muaj organic tebchaw uas muaj nitrogen atoms nyob rau hauv lub heterocycles complex, sib thooj, los ntawm ntau hom ntawm bonds thiab kev sib tshuam.

Los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, lawv sawv tawm nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov ntsev ntawm tej yam acids:

• malic;
• caw;
• oxalic;
• acetic thiab lwm tus neeg.

Yog hais tias ntshiab tshuaj sib cais los ntawm lub ntsev, nws yog ua tau yuav tau txais cov alkaloid raws li ib tug crystalline hmoov, thiab nws yog ua tau tsim cov kua qauv (nicotine). Nyob rau hauv no thiab nyob rau hauv lwm cov ntaub ntawv - yog alkaline compound seeb tsim nyog tshuaj zog.

Hais tias yog, tus Science News for KIDS ntawm alkaloids paub thiab to taub. Piv txwv li, lub txhais txoj kev uas lawv muaj peev xwm yuav cais los ntawm kev cog khoom. Lawv yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub solubility ntawm ntsev ntawm alkaloids nyob rau hauv dej, raws li ntshiab tebchaw yog yuav luag insoluble nyob rau hauv dej, tab sis zoo li nws nyob rau hauv cov organic solvents.

Ib tug xov tooj ntawm tshua uas tshwm sim siv cov kev rho tawm thiab kawm txog tej tebchaw no yog hu ua alkaloid.

1. Nag lossis daus. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, raws li nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ib tug insoluble ntsev ntawm lub alkaloid, uas precipitates. Qhov no yuav ua tiav los ntawm kev siv hauv qab no Cheebtsam: tannin, picric acid los yog phosphotungstic molybdic acid.
2. Nag lossis daus. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, raws li nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm complex ntsev nrog alkaloid tebchaw. Reagents: mercuric chloride, poov tshuaj iodide los Bismuth.
3. Uas tseg tau. Thaum cov tshuaj yog zoo ntawm alkaloid hloov thiab nws yuav hnov nyob rau hauv lub zuag qhia tag nrho pes tsawg leeg. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txiav txim - tej yam nyob rau hauv lub heterocycles cov tsos ntawm cov xim. Reagents: nitric acid, sulfuric acid, tooj liab hydroxide, tooj liab (II) -precipitated.

Feem ntau uas tseg tau tshua tsis muab tseeb tau, raws li ib feem ntawm ib tug heterocyclic alkaloids zoo li cov uas ntawm cov protein molecules. Yog li ntawd lawv muab cov nyhuv tib yam.

kev faib ntawm alkaloids

Yuav ua li cas pawg raug muab faib tag nrho cov paub sib txuas ntawm no pab pawg neeg, thiab txiav txim seb lub hom alkaloids, nws tshuaj qauv. Qhov no kev faib twb tsim academician AP Orekhov thiab nws cov lus dag ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub hom thiab cov qauv ntawm cov heterocycle nrog lub nitrogen atoms nyob rau ntawd.

1. Pyrrolidine, pyrrolizidine, thiab derivatives thereof. Qhov no pab pawg neeg tej zaum yuav muaj xws li alkaloids xws li platifillin, Sarrazin, senetsifillin thiab lwm tus neeg. Lub hauv paus qauv ntawm cov complex tsib-membered heterocycles koom rau txhua lwm yam, uas cov qauv muaj xws li ib tug nitrogen atom.
2. Piperidine thiab pyridine derivatives thereof. Cov neeg sawv cev anabasine, lobeline. Hauv paus - rau-membered complex mus nrog nitrogen.
3. Quinolizidine thiab nws cov tebchaw. Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li: pahikarpin, termopsin thiab lwm tus neeg. Tshuaj paus nyob rau hauv txoj rau-membered heterocycles, interconnected thiab nitrogen.
4. Quinoline - quinine, echinopsine.
5. Ib qho tseem ceeb pab pawg neeg ntawm alkaloids yog heev - isoquinoline tebchaw. Salsalin, morphine thiab papaverine - yog dav siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Qhov no tej zaum kuj muaj xws li cov alkaloids nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag barberry, Maçka thiab celandine.
6. Sib heev nyob rau hauv cov qauv tropane derivatives - hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine. Tus qauv sawv cev nyuaj fused, intertwined pyrrolidine thiab piperidine rings.
7. Indole thiab nws cov tebchaw - reserpine, strychnine, vinblastine, thiab lwm tus neeg. Ib tug complex ua ke ntawm tsib thiab rau-membered rings nrog nitrogen atoms nyob rau hauv cov qauv.
8. Lub ntsiab alkaloid nyob rau hauv lub lag luam ua noj thiab cov tshuaj - caffeine los ntawm cov tshuaj yej nplooj thiab noob ntawm cov nroj tsuag ceg txheem ntseeg. Nws koom purine derivatives - complex tebchaw ntawm ntau yam heterocycles thiab ntau nitrogen atoms nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg.
9. Ephedrine thiab nws cov tebchaw - sferofizin, colchicine thiab kolhamin. Cov tshuaj lub npe ntawm ephedrine, reflecting nws cov complex qauv, fenilmetilaminopropanol - ib tug complex organic uas muaj ntxhiab haus dej cawv.
10. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, nws txiav txim siab los faib rau tej yam alkaloids pab pawg neeg ntawm steriods kho - corticosteroids thiab pw ua ke cov tshuaj hormones.

lub zog

Lub ntsiab yam ntxwv ntawm no pab pawg neeg xws li cov muaj peev xwm yaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam kua thiab sau ua ib pawg xeev nyob txheem tej yam kev mob.

Thaum chav tsev kub hauv lub niaj zaus alkaloid - ib tug crystalline khoom. Xim thiab tsis hnov tsw, raws li ib tug txoj cai, tsis muaj. Nyob rau palate, feem ntau iab, astringent, tsis kaj siab. Muaj kho qhov muag ua si nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj.

Ib txhia ntawm cov tib tshuaj kua txheem tej yam kev mob - yog anoxic alkaloids txog 200 hom. Piv txwv li, nicotine, pahikarpin, coniine.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov solubility nyob rau hauv dej, nws muaj peev xwm ua tau li ntawd xwb tag caffeine, ephedrine, ergometrine. Lwm tus mej zeej ntawm lub chav kawm ntawv ntawm tebchaw soluble xwb nyob rau hauv cov organic kua (cov kuab tshuaj).

Action on tib neeg lub cev

Alkaloid - ib yam khoom uas yog muaj ib tug muaj zog ntxim rau cov tib neeg thiab tej tsiaj txhu. Yuav ua li cas yog tej yam?

1. Enormous tej yam yog nyob rau hauv lub paj hlwb, qhov kawg ntawm lub paj hlwb, synapses, neurotransmitter dab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv qhov chaw ntawm lub cev sib txawv pawg alkaloids ua raws li sedatives, psychotropics, reflex xwm, antitussives, stimulants, narcotic, analgesics. Thaum siv kom zoo rau kev kho mob hom phiaj yog nruj me ntsis dosed thiab meej, cov teebmeem yog pab. Txawm li cas los, qhov tsawg tshaj plaws overdose yuav ua rau mob loj heev thiab tragic txim.
2. Qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv cov hlab plawv system - anti-arrhythmic, pab txoj kev ntshav, antispasmodic, hypotensive, choleretic.

Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm alkaloid tshuaj siv cia los yog tsis muaj raws li qhov tsim nyog muab, yuav ua tau cov nram no:

• impaired lub zeem muag thiab lub rooj sib hais;
• ua pa tsis ua hauj lwm, hauv siab ceev ceev;
• kiv taub hau, xeev siab, ntuav;
• los ntshav;
• qhov ncauj qhuav;
• ib tug ntse nce los yog txo nyob rau hauv cov ntshav siab;
• mob loj heev lom tuag.

Ib tug tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm lub alkaloids nyob rau hauv lawv cov physiological los rau ib tug neeg yog ib yam tshuaj lom, muaj zog, ua rau convulsions thiab kev tuag (strychnine, morphine, belladonnin). Lwm feem - narcotic tebchaw uas ua rau tiv. Puas siab puas ntsws, kev xav thiab lub cev (nicotine, caffeine, yeeb). Yog li ntawd, cov tebchaw yuav tsum coj nrog huab ceev faj thiab tsuas yog siv lub tswv yim thiab tshuaj.

Cov kev siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj

Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no cov nroj tsuag uas muaj alkaloids - yog lub hauv paus rau ntau broad-spectrum tshuaj, los yog, nyob rau hauv tsis tooj, mas tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm xws raw cov ntaub ntawv yog npaj suppositories, infusions, ntsiav tshuaj, kev daws teeb meem ampoule. Qhov kev txiav txim yog aimed ntawm cov kev kho mob ntawm cov hlab plawv tus kab mob, ua pa, lub paj hlwb thiab txoj ntawm kev puas hlwb kev ntshawv siab. Tsis tas li ntawd rau cov kev kho mob ntawm lub digestive system, xws li contraceptives, oncological mob, mus tshem tawm cawv yees thiab ntau lwm qhov chaw.

Uas muaj alkaloids nyob rau hauv cov xwm?

Nyob rau hauv vivo alkaloids muaj lam tshuaj thiab nroj tsuag. Niaj hnub no nws yog lub npe hu okolo10000 npe ntawm cov tshuaj no thiab yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog rho los ntawm precisely xws raw cov ntaub ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm fungi, cov kab mob hlwb, algae, echinoderms alkaloids pom. alkaloid tebchaw tau rho tawm los ntawm qhov xwm ntawm yam tsiaj hlwb, tab sis lawv yog ob peb tug.

Yog li, nws zoo nkaus li uas cov thawj tsum, inexhaustible qhov chaw ntawm cov tshuaj rau kev kho mob hom phiaj, tib neeg lub neej, kev ua lag luam - yog cov nroj tsuag uas muaj alkaloids.

tshuaj nroj tsuag

Yuav ua li cas yog cov nroj tsuag? Lawv yog cov, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, muaj ntau heev hais tag nrho. Txawm li cas los, koj yuav tau lub npe ntau heev thiab nquag siv los ntawm tus txiv neej.

1. Ragwort ploskolistny - alkaloid platifillin thiab senetsifillin - sedative thiab spasmolytic nyhuv ntawm lub cev, siv los tsim coj medicaments.
2. Belladonna sylvestris los ntawm tsev neeg Solanaceae. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau cov tshuaj nroj tsuag. Belladonna alkaloids - atropine thiab belladonnin. Npaj raws li tshuaj ntsuab cov khoom xyaw tsim kho lub central lub paj hlwb, noj hlwb thiab lub cev kev ua si, ua rau kom qhov kev kawm thiab endurance. Muaj spasmolytic thiab analgesic nyhuv. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug extract ntawm no tsob nroj yog tsim los lam dauv, tinctures thiab taws tswm ciab.
3. Belem dub. Nkaus lom cog, tag nrho cov nws qhov chaw no txaus ntshai. Alkaloids - hyoscyamine thiab scopolamine. Siv rau cov kev kho mob ntawm neurological ailments thiab tsab ntawv tsa suab mob kev nkeeg.
4. Celandine. Nws yog heev nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws nroj tsuag. Txawm li cas los, nws muaj alkaloids Quinolizidine, pahikarpin, saponin, termopsin thiab lwm tus neeg. Heev lom yog siv tsis ncaj ncees.
5. Alkaloids nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag papaveraceous suav ob teb. Qhov no opium, morphine, narcotine, papaverine, thebaine, codeine, thiab lwm yam isoquinoline derivatives. Lawv cov nyhuv thiab tus nqi xam tau tias yog nyias.
6. Passionflower myasokrasnaya. Nws muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm alkaloids, indole derivatives. Nws muaj ib tug muaj zog sedative nyhuv.
7. Ergot. Qhia tshwj xeeb uas tsim lub kab lis kev cai ntawm no cab pwm uas txav cov qoob loo ntawm rye, yog siv los ua tus muaj zog alkaloids. Nws ergotamine thiab ergometrine, thiab lwm 18 hom. Siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Gynecology).
8. Rauwolfia serpentine - lub keeb kwm ntawm no nroj muaj ntau tshaj li 50 alkaloids, siv rau cov kev kho mob ntawm cov hlab plawv tus kab mob, nrog rau tawg.

Tshuaj thiab cov nroj tsuag - ib tug tseem ceeb heev cheeb tsam ntawm niaj hnub tshuaj. Tom qab tag nrho, feem ntau ntawm cov khoom tsim yog raws li nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso raw cov ntaub ntawv. Lawv tau siv txij ancient sij hawm thiab tsis tau poob lawv qhov tseeb rau tib neeg niaj hnub no. On qhov tsis tooj, thaum lub sij hawm, cov neeg muaj ntau xav mus nrhiav thiab tshawb tivthaiv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm xws nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav nrhiav ib yam dab tsi tseem ceeb, ib yam dab tsi uas yuav pab daws cov teeb meem uas muaj ntau incurable kab mob.

Cov feem ntau alkaloid

Cov xav tau ib derivative ntawm opium - codeine. Nws yog ua tau rau faib tshwj xeeb tshuaj tshua ntawm morphine. Muab piv nrog rau yav tas, nws yog kev siv, raws li rau mos txiav txim. Txawm li cas los, cov hauj lwm zoo raws li ib tug analgesic, antitussive, sedative tshuaj tsis muaj zuj zus tshaj li uas ntawm morphine los yog opium nws tus kheej.

Yog li ntawd, codeine-raws li tshuaj yog heev nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj thiab yog siv los ntawm cov neeg ntawm tag nrho cov teb chaws. Lub tsuas txwv - nws yog ntau npaum. Nws yuav tsum tau tsuas yog siv rau lub tswv yim thiab nyob rau hauv kev kho mob saib xyuas.

Opium thiab nws cov alkaloids

Opiates - raws li nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj thiab Science News for KIDS hu ua tag nrho cov opium alkaloids, uas yuav ua tau tawm ntawm nws cais thiab tsim raws li nyob rau hauv nws. Yuav ua li cas yog kev twb kev txuas? Tu siab, lawv yog tam sim no yuav luag txhua tus daim di ncauj, thiab yeej tsis muaj ib tug zoo lub koob npe nrov thiab yog tsim nyog, qhov tseeb daim ntawv thov. Cov no yog cov alkaloids, xws li:

• morphine;
• papaverine;
• heroin;
• codeine.

Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, cov tshuaj no yog siv raws li antitussives, analgesics, sedatives. Codeine-raws li txawm tsim ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tshuaj rau mob khaub thuas nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam.

Txawm li cas los, lub tebchaw xws li opium thiab heroin, yog siv tsis tsuas yog rau cov lam hom phiaj, tab sis kuj raws li ib tug hnyav intoxicating cov tshuaj. Lawv ua phem heev dependence ntawm tib neeg lub cev thiab lub sij hawm yuav ua rau muaj mob loj rau kev kho mob, txawm lub neej ntawm cov neeg.