Heterocyclic tebchaw: nomenclature thiab cais

Heterocyclic compound (. Greek heteros - lub lwm yam, ob) - ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic nplhaib tebchaw nyob rau hauv mus uas, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau cov atoms, muaj ntau atoms ntawm lwm yam tshuaj hais, thiaj li hu ua heteroatoms: oxygen (e.g., furan thiab pyran), nitrogen (pyrrole thiab pyridine ), sulfur (thiophene tiofenaldegid, thiopyran, thiazole), selenium (selenophene) thiab lwm yam

Lub heterocycles tsim los ntawm ob tug los yog ntau tshaj carbon atoms thiab heteroatoms. Raws li Bayer lub theory resistant heterocycles yuav xwb nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob thaum lub sib txawv valencies ntawm atoms txoj kev ua rau ib ncig, yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws kaum sab xis ntawm 109 ° 28 '. Piv txwv li, feem ntau tsis ruaj tsis khov heterocyclic tebchaw yog heterocycles nrog peb-lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv uas muaj yog qhov loj tshaj plaws molecules xws txawv - 24 ° 44 '(ethylene oxide, Tioxide ethylene thiab ethyleneimine).

Heterocycles lug faib nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Cov no muaj xws amino acids (tryptophan, carnosine, histidine), imino acids (proline thiab hydroxyproline), ib tug purine (adenine thiab guanine) thiab pyrimidine (thymine, uracil thiab cytosine) bases, biologically tseem ceeb tshuaj ntawm nyob teeb meem (heme, hemin, chlorophyll), alkaloids ( caffeine thiab atropine), tshuaj tua kab mob (penicillin, gramicidin C, streptomycin), tshuaj (norsulfazol thiab caffeine), sulfonamides (norsulfazol, streptocid), organic solvents (pyridine), carbohydrates, nucleic acids, cov nqaijrog, cov tshuaj hormones, vitamins, thiab ntau lwm yam ib qho tseem ceeb tshuaj.

Suam ntawm cov tshuaj tebchaw

Cov kev faib yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov heterocycles nyob rau hauv nws cov molecule uas carbon atoms yog sib raug zoo mus rau ib tug heteroatom (hetero) thiab hydrogen atoms. Heterocycles thiab lawv derivatives raug muab faib ua tej pawg nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm atoms txoj kev lub nplhaib (peb-, four-, tsib, rau-membered, etc.). Nyob rau hauv txhua pab pawg neeg muaj sub-pawg nrog ib, ob los yog peb hetero atoms.

Heterocyclic tebchaw nyob rau hauv feem ntau xa mus rau los ntawm keeb kwm nomenclature (pyridine, pyrrole, acridine). Los ntawm cov keeb kwm cov npe tsim npe lawv derivatives (pyridine-4-carboxylic acid methylpyridine). Yuav kom qhia tau tias txoj hauj lwm ntawm substituent atoms heterocycles tooj. Numbering yog nqa tawm los ntawm hetero atoms los yog txhais cov Greek cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv, pib los ntawm lub zos nyob sib ze cov pa roj carbon atom nrog ib tug heteroatom - alpha, beta, gamma, etc.

Getorotsiklicheskie tebchaw: nomenclature

Thaum tis npe ntawm heterocyclic tebchaw raws li lub IUPAC nomenclature suav tooj ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv lub heterocycle, nws cov qauv, kev tso kawm ntawm substituents thiab lwm nta (e.g., furfural muaj lub systematic lub npe furan-2-carbaldehyde). Lub npe ntawm heterocyclic tebchaw qhia nyob rau hauv qhov kev piav qhia dab rau lawv npaj, zog thiab qhov tseem ceeb.

Rau heterocycles xws li oxides (e.g., ethylene oxide), anhydrides ntawm dibasic nyeem carboxylic acids, thiab lwm yam Stability ntawm yav tas los xam tau tias yog heterocycles nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule heterocycle ntawm heteroatoms thiab nws qhov chaw nyob nyob rau hauv lub heterocycle. Lub kawg resistant yog heterocyclic tebchaw uas muaj peb los yog plaub mus, uas yog yooj yim tawg thiab ua acyclic tebchaw. Muaj yog ib tug ntau ntawm heterocyclic tebchaw, molecules mus ntawm lawv ruaj khov, zoo li lub voj voog benzenovogo tub ntxhais. Lawv yog cov thawj yam ntxwv caij ntawm ntau biosoedineny ntawm qhov tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam, cov tshuaj thiab kho tsiaj.

Science News for KIDS ntawm Heterocyclic tebchaw

Cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm lub tsib-membered (thiophene thiab derivatives thereof) heterocycles vim lub muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv pi-system ntawm tshaj electrons, uas tsub kom lawv aromaticity. Piv nrog rau benzene thiophene yooj yim reacts electrophilic hloov chaw.