Yuav ua li cas yog chemosynthesis? Yuav ua li cas yog nws zoo sib thooj nrog photosynthesis?

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav saib dab tsi yog tshwm sim muaj tus kab mob chemosynthesis. Qhov no yog ib txoj kev lub hwj chim uas muaj sia nyob uas tau tshwm sim lawm nyob rau hauv tej yam kab mob.

Txoj kev ntawm cov khoom noj cov kab mob

Yuav kom to taub li cas chemosynthesis, koj thawj zaug yuav tsum tau nco qab dab tsi zaub mov txhais tau hais tias siv ntau cov kab mob. Nyob rau qhov no vim qhov txawv ob pab pawg ntawm cov creatures: hetero thiab autotrophs. Tus thawj yog tau noj xwb organic xyaw npaj. Cov nqaijrog, nqaijrog thiab carbohydrates yog absorbed thiab hloov dua siab tshiab los ntawm tshwj xeeb los yog vacuoles ntawm lub digestive system. Yog heterotrophic tsiaj, fungi, ib txhia kab mob.

hom autotrophs

Autotrophic kab mob rau lawv tus kheej tsim organic tshuaj uas yog ntxiv siv los ua ntau yam lub neej muaj dab. Nyob ntawm seb lub zog qhov chaw uas yog siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tseem paub qhov txawv ob pab pawg ntawm cov kab mob. No Diam duab thiab chemotroph. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov thawj ntawm lawv yog cov nroj tsuag. Lawv coj los ua ke carbohydrates mus rau hauv qab zib thaum lub sij hawm photosynthesis. Qhov no txoj kev tshwm sim xwb nyob rau hauv chloroplasts plastids ntawm ntsuab nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm tshav ntuj, dej thiab carbon dioxide. Chemotroph yog ib co kab mob. Rau lub synthesis ntawm cov organic teeb meem lawv xav tau ib tug ntau yam ntawm tshuaj tebchaw, uas lawv oxidize. Li yog chemosynthesis photosynthesis thiab muaj peev xwm mus tsim nws tus kheej-kab lawv yuav tsum tshuaj los ntawm qhov ib puag ncig rau paib carbon, dej thiab mineral ntsev.

Chemosynthesis: txhais thiab keeb kwm ntawm foundations

Cia saib nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Yuav ua li cas yog chemosynthesis? Qhov no yog ib txoj kev ntawm autotrophic hwj chim uas cov oxidation uas mineral tebchaw rau organic synthesis. Tam sim no peb nrhiav tawm nyob rau hauv dab tsi tus kab mob no tshwm sim chemosynthesis. Qhov no nws muaj peev xwm lawm muaj tsuas tej hom ntawm prokaryotes. Qhov no tus txheej txheem tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub lig puv 19 xyoo pua Lavxias teb sab microbiologist Sergei Nikolaevich Vinogradskii. Ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Strasbourg kuaj Antona De Bary, nws pom tau hais kev nyob rau hauv lub zog tiam vim oxidation ntawm sulfur. Kab mob uas yuav muaj peev xwm mus nqa tawm no tshuaj txheej txheem, nws hu ua anorgoksidantami. Thaum lub sij hawm lawv cov kev kawm, kev cov soj ntsuam ntawm muaj kev tswj kom nrhiav tau thiab nitrogen-kho cov kab mob. Ua ntej lub foundations ntawm chemosynthetic autotrophic txheej txheem rau lub cev tsuas yog photosynthetic cov nroj tsuag thiab cyanobacteria.

Txawv thiab zoo sib xws ntawm photosynthesis thiab chemosynthesis

Ob hom khoom noj yog autotrophic yas metabolism, los yog assimilation. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm cov dab yog lub tsim ntawm cov organic tshuaj thiab nkev pauv. Yog li pib reagents yog mineral compound. Photo- thiab chemosynthesis yog txoj kev ntawm kev ntawm tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub biosphere. Tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov autotrophs muab cov kev tsim nyog tej yam kev mob rau lub neej ntawm tsis tsuas yog lawv tus kheej tab sis tseem muaj lwm cov kab mob no. Piv txwv li, cov pa yog hloov zuj zuj thaum lub sij hawm photosynthesis. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tag nrho cov nyob yam rau ua tsis taus pa. Ib tug chemotrophic nitrifying kab mob hloov atmospheric nitrogen rau hauv ib lub xeev qhov twg nws yuav absorbed los ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

Tab sis, ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus, muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm txawv. Chemosynthesis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov kab mob hlwb uas tsis muaj cov ntsuab xim chlorophyll. Ntxiv mus, lawv yog siv rau lub oxidation ntawm ib tug compound ntawm xwb tej tshuaj: leej faj, nitrogen, hydrogen los yog hlau. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb no txoj kev noj haus nyob rau hauv cov chaw, nyob qhov twg tshav ntuj yog tsis muaj. Yog li ntawd, nyob zoo depths yuav ua neej nyob tsuas chemotroph. Rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis yog ib qho tseem ceeb hnub ci zog. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, txoj kev no yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw xwb nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb hlwb uas muaj cov ntsuab xim chlorophyll. Lwm yuavtsum tau kawm uantej yog cov nyob rau ntawm phototrophic mov ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide.

hlau kab mob

Yuav ua li cas yog chemosynthesis, peb yuav xav txog cov piv txwv ntawm cov kab mob uas hloov lub hlau compound. Lawv foundations kuj yog Vinogradskii. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, lawv yog dav faib nyob rau hauv tshiab thiab ntsev dej. Lub essence ntawm lawv cov chemosynthetic yog hloov lub valence ntawm hlau los ntawm ob mus rau peb. Qhov no tso ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm lub zog. Yog li ntawd, hlau kab mob yog tsim nyog los nqa tawm no yog khaus heev.

Txij li thaum cov kab mob yog cov feem ntau ancient kab mob, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lawv lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj chaw tsim loj tso ntawm hlau thiab manganese ores. Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam prokaryotes cov ntaub ntawv siv los tsim ntshiab tooj liab.

leej faj cov kab mob

Cov prokaryotes txo leej faj compound. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov kab mob, tus txheej txheem ntawm chemosynthesis tau qhib. Rau no hom ntawm oxidation kab mob siv hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, sulfates, polythionates thiab lwm yam. Ib txhia prokaryotes no pab pawg neeg thaum lub sij hawm chemosynthesis noog elemental sulfur. Qhov no yuav tshwm sim ob leeg nyob rau lub hlwb thiab tshaj. Qhov no muaj peev xwm yog siv nyob rau hauv kev daws qhov teeb meem ntxiv aeration thiab acidification ntawm xau.

Ntuj puag ncig vaj tse leej faj cov kab mob yog tshiab thiab qab ntsev dej. Paub mob ntawm lub tsim ntawm cov kab mob symbioses nrog cov raj cua nab thiab mollusks uas nyob rau hauv lub sludge, thiab ib tug hauv qab tsam.

Nitrogen-kho cov kab mob

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm chemosynthesis nyob rau hauv qhov thiab yog lom zem ntau txiav txim los ntawm cov kev ua ntawm nitrogen-kho prokaryotes. Feem ntau ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm legumes thiab cereals. Lawv cohabitation yog nrog lig. Nroj tsuag muab carbohydrates prokaryotes uas tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm photosynthesis. Thiab cov kab mob tsim nitrogen yuav tsum tau rau tag nrho cov kev loj hlob ntawm lub hauv paus system.

Ua ntej mus rau lub foundations ntawm cov thaj chaw ntawm no hom ntawm kev xav hais tias muaj lub cim muaj peev xwm taum nplooj. Nws tom qab sawv hais tias cov nroj tsuag yog tsis ncaj nraim kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm nitrogen fixation, ib tug txheej txheem yog nqa tawm cov kab mob uas nyob rau hauv lawv cov hauv paus hniav.

Qhov no zoo ntawm prokaryotes muab ob hom tshuaj tshua. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tus thawj hloov dua siab tshiab tshwm sim ammonia rau nitrates. Lub ntsiab ntawm cov tshuaj nkag mus rau cov nroj tsuag ntawm lub hauv paus system. Tej kab mob no yog hu ua nitrifying. Lwm pab pawg neeg ntawm xws prokaryotes converts nitrate rau nitrogen roj. Lawv hu ua denitrifying kab mob. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lawv collective kev ua si yog ib tug tas mus lub voj voog ntawm no tshuaj caij nyob rau hauv cov xwm.

Nitrogen-kho cov kab mob mus rau lub keeb kwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag mus rau mus rau hauv qhov kev raug mob rau ntawm qhov chaw los yog los ntawm lub tsum vov cov ntaub so ntswg plaub mos mos xuas tsam. Ib zaug hauv, lub prokaryotic hlwb pib los mus qhia, ua nyob rau hauv tsim heev heev cov protrusions. Lawv yog cov pom mus rau tus liab qab qhov muag. Ib tug txiv neej siv cov cuab yeej ntawm nitrogen-kho cov kab mob los mus muab tej yam ntuj tso av nitrates, uas ua rau yus muaj zog productivity.

Xwm thiab chemosynthesis

Chemosynthesis luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm yog ib qhov nyuaj rau overestimate. Cov oxidation ntawm inorganic tebchaw nyob rau hauv cov xwm yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev ncig ntawm tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub biosphere. Chemotroph txheeb ze ywj pheej los ntawm lub zog ntawm tshav ntuj ua rau lawv tus xwb inhabitants ntawm sib sib zog nqus-dej hiav txwv basins thiab rift aav.

Ammonia thiab hydrogen sulfide yog ua cov ntaub ntawv prokaryotes yog tshuaj lom. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no chemosynthesis nqi yog rau neutralize cov tebchaw. Nyob rau hauv science xws sij hawm yog hu ua tus "MAB underground". Nws yog tsim nyob rau tib kab hais tias lub neej yuav tsis tau tej nuj nqis cov teeb tsis oxygen. Qhov no cim cuab yeej yog muaj los ntawm co kab mob.

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, peb xam tau tawm li cas chemosynthesis. Lub essence ntawm no yog lus dag nyob rau hauv lub oxidation ntawm inorganic tebchaw. Chemosynthetic kab mob yog ib co hom prokaryotes: leej faj, hlau kab mob thiab nitrogen-kho.