Nitrogen-kho cov kab mob: vaj tse, muaj nuj nqi

Cov kab mob - ib lub tswvyim paub txhua leej txhua tus. Muab cheese thiab yogurt, cov tshuaj, dej phwj kho mob - tag nrho cov ua tau rau ib leeg-celled kab mob kab mob. Wb tau ntsib nrog lawv los ze zog.

Leej twg yog cov kab mob?

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no realm ntawm xwm sawv cev rau ib tug ib pab pawg ntawm prokaryotes - kab mob, hlwb yog deprived ntawm nucleus. Tab sis qhov no tsis txhais hais tias lawv tsis muaj kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntaub ntawv. DNA molecules yog free nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm, thiab yog tsis surrounded los ntawm lub plhaub.

Vim hais tias ntawm lawv cov me loj - txog li 20 microns, cov kab mob science tshawb fawb microbiology. Zaum tau pom tias prokaryotes yuav ua tau unicellular los yog koom nrog nyob rau hauv lub colony. Lawv muaj ib tug ncaj txheej thaum ub qauv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd lub keeb kab mob stripped ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm plastids, Golgi complex, EPS, lysosomes thiab mitochondria. Tab sis txawm qhov no, tus kab mob cell yog tau ua tus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev ntawm lub neej: co pa uas tsis muaj oxygen, heterotrophic thiab autotrophic kev noj haus, tu tub tu kiv asexual thiab tsim los ntawm cov hlwv thaum muaj kev phiv tej yam kev mob.

cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov kab mob

Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub cais ntawm qhov sib txawv tej yam tshwm sim. Ib tug ntawm lawv - ib daim ntawv ntawm tes. Piv txwv li, muab rau hauv daim ntawv vibrio comma, cocci - sib npaug lawm. muab kauv views muaj spirilla, thiab pas nrig-zoo li tus - bacilli.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kab mob ua ke los ua ib pawg nyob rau tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus xovtooj ntawm cov qauv. Cov no yog cov muaj peev xwm ntawm txoj kev ua ib txheej capsule nyob ib ncig ntawm nws tus kheej lub hlwb thiab yog nruab nrog flagella.

Cyanobacteria, los yog xiav-ntsuab algae, muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm photosynthesis thiab nrog rau cov nceb yog ib feem ntawm lub Lichen.

Muaj ntau yam ntawm cov kab mob muaj peev xwm ntawm symbiosis - ob tog pab cohabitation kab mob. Nitrogen-kho cov kab mob txiav txim nyob rau cov hauv paus hniav ntawm legumes thiab lwm yam nroj tsuag, sib sau ua nodules. Li cas rau cov nodule cov kab mob, ib qho yooj yim mus twv. Lawv hloov atmospheric nitrogen, uas yog li ntawd tsim nyog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

mov txoj kev

Prokaryotes yog ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov kab mob no, uas yog muaj nyob rau tag nrho cov hom ntawm noj. Yog li ntawd, ntsuab thiab purple kab mob pub rau autotrophic, los ntawm hnub ci zog. Vim muaj cov plastids nws yuav pleev xim rau hauv cov xim txawv, tab sis nco ntsoov muaj chlorophyll. Kab mob thiab cog photosynthesis txawv ho. Nyob rau hauv cov kab mob, cov dej yog tsis yuav tsum tau reagent. Lub electron pub tej zaum yuav hydrogen los yog hydrogen sulfide, yog li ntawd, cov pa yog tsis tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm tus txheej txheem no.

Ib tug loj pab pawg neeg ntawm cov kab mob noj heterotrophically, t. E. Npaj organic tshuaj. Tej kab mob yog siv los muab cov seem uas twb tuag lawm cov kab mob thiab lawv cov metabolic khoom. Cov kab mob lwj thiab fermentation muaj peev xwm ntawm degrading tag nrho cov paub organic tshuaj. Tej kab mob no yog hu ua saprotroph.

Ib txhia nroj tsuag kab mob muaj peev xwm tsim ib tug symbiosis nrog rau lwm cov kab mob: fungi, ua ke nrog ib feem ntawm lub Lichen, nrog coexist nrog rau keeb kwm ntawm leguminous nitrogen-kho cov hauv paus hniav nodule kab mob.

chemotroph

Lwm pab pawg neeg ntawm cov khoom noj hom yog chemotroph. Nws yog ib hom ntawm autotrophic kev noj haus, nyob rau hauv uas hnub ci zog yog siv es tsis txhob ntawm lub zog ntawm tshuaj bonds ntawm txawv tshuaj. Nitrogen-kho cov kab mob mus rau tej kab mob. Lawv oxidize ib co inorganic tebchaw lawv tus kheej thaum txav qhov tsim nyog tus nqi ntawm lub zog.

Nitrogen-kho cov kab mob: vaj tse

Ib yam li ntawd, tus pub thiab kab mob uas muaj peev xwm hloov ib tug nitrogen compound. Lawv hu ua nitrogen-kho cov kab mob. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov kab mob nyob qhov txhia chaw, lub chaw ntawm no xyov hom - cov av. Hais dua, rau keeb kwm ntawm leguminous nroj tsuag.

qauv

Li cas rau cov nodule kab mob? Nws yog vim lawv cov qauv. Nitrogen-kho cov kab mob yog kom meej meej pom mus rau tus liab qab qhov muag. Hauv on cov keeb kwm ntawm legumes thiab cereals, lawv txeem mus rau hauv cov nroj tsuag. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no lub thooj, uas yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub metabolism.

Nws yog ib nqi hais tias cov nitrogen-kho cov kab mob yog Mutualists pab pawg neeg. Lawv coexistence nrog rau lwm cov kab mob yog nrog lig. Thaum lub sij hawm photosynthesis, nroj tsuag ua ke carbohydrate zib, tsim nyog rau lub neej muaj dab. Cov kab mob yog tsis muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm xws li ib tug txheej txheem, yog li npaj txhij mus tau qab zib los ntawm cov taum.

Nroj tsuag rau lub neej xav tau kev pab nitrogen. Qhov no tshuaj nyob rau hauv qhov xwm ntawm ib tug txaus loj tus naj npawb. Piv txwv li, lub nitrogen cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov huab cua yog 78%. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub xeev no, cov nroj tsuag tsis tau nqus no substance. Nitrogen-kho cov kab mob kho atmospheric nitrogen thiab txhais nws rau hauv ib daim ntawv haum rau cov nroj tsuag.

productivity

Li cas rau cov nitrogen-kho cov kab mob yuav tsum tau pom hauv qhov piv txwv chemotrophic azospirillum kab mob. Qhov no kab nyob rau ntawm cov hauv paus hniav ntawm grasses: barley los yog nplej. Nws yog rightly hu ua ib tug thawj coj ntawm cov producers ntawm nitrogen. Ib hectare nws yog muaj peev xwm muab 60 kg ntawm lub caij.

Nitrogen-kho cov kab mob ntawm legumes, xws li rizobitumy, sinorizobiumy thiab lwm leej lwm tus kuj yog zoo "neeg ua hauj lwm". Lawv yog cov tau txhawb hectare av loj nrog nitrogen mus txog 390 kg. Nyob rau perennial leguminous nroj tsuag nyob winners azotoobrazovaniya uas nws ua tau zoo yog mus txog 560 kg ib hectare ntawm cultivated av.

lub neej dab

Tag nrho cov nitrogen-kho cov kab mob nyob rau hauv lub meej ntawm qhov tseem ceeb heev dab muaj peev xwm yuav muab faib ua ob pawg. Cov thawj pab pawg neeg yog cov nitrifying. Lub essence ntawm metabolism hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog ib cov saw ntawm tshuaj transformations. Ammonia, los yog ammonia yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv nitrite - ntsev ntawm nitric acid. Nitrites, nyob rau hauv lem, yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv nitrates, uas tseem muaj lub ntsev ntawm no compound. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov nitrate nitrogen yog zoo dua absorbed los ntawm lub hauv paus system ntawm nroj tsuag.

Qhov thib ob pab pawg neeg no yog hu ua denitrifying kab mob. Lawv nqa tawm lub rov qab txheej txheem: nitrates muaj nyob rau hauv cov av, yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau nitrogen roj. Yog li muaj ib tug nitrogen voj voog nyob rau hauv cov xwm.

Los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm lub neej kuj siv rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm tu tub tu kiv. Nws tshwm sim los mus faib nws mus rau hauv ob lub hlwb. Ntau tsawg - los ntawm budding. Yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov kev sib deev hu ua conjugation. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj ib tug pauv kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntaub ntawv.

Vim hais tias lub hauv paus system allocates ib tug ntau ntawm cov nqi tshuaj, cov kab mob settles nyob rau hauv nws heev npaum li cas. Lawv hloov tsob nroj residues rau hauv tshuaj uas yuav tau nqus cov nroj tsuag. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ib tug txheej ntawm av nyob ib ncig ntawm acquires tej zog. Nws yog hu ua tus rhizosphere.

Txoj kev ntawm allergic ntawm cov kab mob nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus

Muaj ob peb txoj kev ntawm plaug tus kab mob hlwb nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub hauv paus system. Qhov no yuav tshwm sim vim deterioration ntawm lub integumentary ntaub so ntswg los yog nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw uas lub hauv paus ntawm cov tub ntxhais hlwb. hauv paus plaub hau tsam no kuj chemotroph los ntawm allergic rau hauv cov nroj tsuag. Ntxiv mus, cov hauv paus hniav plaub mos mos thiab kis tau kab mob raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm active cell division ntawm cov kab mob nodules tsim. Siv kab hlwb tsim filaments uas tseem tus txheej txheem ntawm allergic rau hauv tsob nroj cov ntaub so ntswg. Nrog conductive kab mob systems uas txuam nrog rau cov hauv paus hniav nodules. Thaum lub sij hawm, lawv tau ib tug tshwj xeeb muaj - Leghemoglobin.

Los ntawm lub sij hawm cov tsos mob pom kev ua nodules tau ib tug liab xim (vim cov xim Leghemoglobin). Tau txhim kho nitrogen tsuas yog cov kab mob uas muaj Leghemoglobin.

Lub ntsiab lus chemotroph

Cov neeg tau ntev pom hais tias yog legumes khawb cov av nyob rau ntawm no qhov chaw sau yuav zoo dua. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub point yog tsis nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm plowing. Qhov no av yog ntau enriched los ntawm nitrogen, yog li tsim nyog rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

Yog hais tias daim ntawv yog xa mus rau raws li ib tug Hoobkas rau zus tau tej cov oxygen, cov nitrogen-kho cov kab mob yuav rightly hu ua ib tug Hoobkas rau zus tau tej cov nitrates.

Rov qab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, zaum tau them xim rau cov amazing muaj peev xwm ntawm leguminous nroj tsuag. Vim tsis muaj kev txawj ntse ntawm lawv cov ascribed tsuas rau cov nroj tsuag thiab txuam nrog lwm yam kab mob. Nws tau raug pom tias cov nplooj muaj peev xwm kho atmospheric nitrogen. Thaum lub sij hawm thwmsim nws pom hais tias pulses uas tau zus nyob rau hauv cov dej, poob no muaj peev xwm. Nyob 15 xyoo, lo lus nug no tseem muaj nyob rau ib tug paub tsis meej. Tsis muaj ib tug twv uas nqa tag nrho cov no nitrogen-kho cov kab mob, uas yog lub chaw twb tsis tau kawm txog. Nws muab tawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug symbiotic cov kab mob no. Tsuas ua ke legumes thiab cov kab mob yuav ua tau nitrates rau cov nroj tsuag.

Tam sim no, zaum no tau pom ntau tshaj 200 cov nroj tsuag, uas tsis yog lub legume tsev neeg, tab sis muaj peev xwm tsim ib tug symbiosis nrog nitrogen-kho cov kab mob. Qos yaj ywm, sorghum, nplej kuj muaj nqi zog.