Lub ntsiab yam ntawm kos npe rau systems. Piv txwv li ntawm cov lus piav system

Tag nrho cov niaj hnub txoj kev uas lub ntiaj teb no yog muaj li ntawm ntau ntau lub nruab. Yog hais tias koj tsis tau xav txog, tsuas yog xav txog tej yam uas txhua yam hais tias peb yog accustomed mus nyeem, to taub, thiab txhais - nws qhab nia. Tus txiv neej tuaj nrog lawv tshwj xeeb koom haum ua teb mus ntes, khw thiab nqus ntaub ntawv.

Yuav kom ua cim yog tsis countless, raws li ntau yam ntawm phenomena nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, tshwj xeeb lug tau tsim. Hais tias lawv yuav mus nrhiav nyob rau ntawm no tsab xov xwm, raws li zoo raws li ua ib tug kaj thiab meej piv txwv ntawm cov kos npe rau system. Qhov no lus npe yuav ntawm kev txaus siab tsis tau tsuas yog rau cov kws tshwj xeeb. Thiab pib saib nws li qhia siv kuj rau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv dab tsi tau yooj yim thiab tsuas.

txhais

Ua ntej xav tias nyob rau hauv kom meej tej piv txwv ntawm ib tug system ntawm cov cim, peb xav txog nws tsim nyog los ua kev txiav txim zoo ntawm dab tsi no phenomenon.

Yog li, tus kos npe rau system - ib tug tej yam txheej feem ntau zoo xws li cov cim muaj lub internal qauv thiab, rau ib co raws li, tsim ntawm cov kev cai lij choj, txhais thiab siv nws hais. Nws lub ntsiab hauj lwm - los xyuas kom meej tag nrho collective thiab ib tug neeg kev sib txuas lus dab.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog ib nqi nco ntsoov thiab dab tsi yog, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ib tug kos npe rau - ib cov khoom kwv, uas ua ib tug neeg hloov zov (incarnation) ntawm lwm cov kwv, tshwm sim, lub zog. Nws yog kaw, muab thiab ntaus nqi ntaub ntawv (uas peb hu kev paub ntxiv).

Hom ntawm kos npe rau systems

Theoretical cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm semiotics cais uas twb muaj lawm hnub no khiav hauj lwm ib tug qauv ntaub ntawv no raws li nram no:

- tej yam ntuj tso;

- hais lus;

- haumxeeb;

- iconic;

- Pa;

- cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv system.

Yog xav paub ntxiv cov ntsiab lus peb yuav kov saum cov hom ntawm tom qab, xav txog cov nram qab no lo lus nug - dab tsi yog ib hom lus raws li ib tug kos npe rau system. Yog li ntawd, nyob deb, cov kub siab rau cov kev uas lawv sawv ntsug.

pov thawj

Peb twb paub hais tias xws li ib tug kos npe rau system, tiam sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov abstract paub lub ntsiab txhais. Raws li ib tug sab heev qeb, nws muaj xws li tsis yog txhua txhua lub ntsiab yog hu ua cim. Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi cov tsos mob cia nws mus yuav tej?

• Firstly, tej system yuav tsum sib koom los ntawm tsawg kawg yog ob cim.
• Ob, lub ntsiab yuav tsum tau ib lub koom haum raws li cov ntsiab cai no.
• Peb, cov emergence ntawm tshiab ntsiab yuav nqa tawm tsuas yog nyob rau kom meej meej txhais tej ntsiab cai.

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tej yam tshwm sim thiab kos npe rau systems

Yog muaj lus nug iconic lug koom nyob rau hauv ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib science - semiotics. Thaum nws cov tub ntxhais, nws yog ib tug ciam teb kev qhuab qhia ntawm lug, ntaub ntawv kev tshawb xav, Sociology, ntaub ntawv, psychology, biology.

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm semiotics yog ua nyob rau hauv peb lub ntsiab qhov chaw, uas yog xws li qhov chaw ntawm science:

• Syntactics. Nruas ntawm txoj kev tshawb - lub hom phiaj cov kev cai ntawm kos npe rau, cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv cov ntsiab, cov qauv thiab ob peb ua ke ntawm kev kawm ntawv.
• Semantics. Nws yog kawm lub ntsiab lus, nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, xaiv cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kos npe rau thiab nws cov ntsiab lus.
• Pragmatics. Nws examines lub kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub cev thiab nws cov lam.

Ib tug ntawm cov kev sib nrauj ntawm txoj kev tshawb - lub semiotics ntawm kab lis kev cai. Cov tswvyim no yog vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv txhua txhua kab lis kev cai muaj yog cov ntaub ntawv kis los ntawm txoj kev tshwm sim. Feem ntau, qhov no yog hais txog cov ntawv. Nws yog noteworthy tias cov ntawv nyeem ntawm lub kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub conception ntawm science yog txhua yam ntawm xov xwm.

Lus raws li ib tug system ntawm tej yam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv semiotics

Peb txhua tus muaj kam txhua txhua hnub nrog rau cov lus. Tej zaum peb tsis tau xav txog nws, tab sis cov nqe lus, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov lo lus, lub suab thiab cov tsiaj ntawv (suab nyob rau hauv kev hais lus) - tag nrho cov system. Semiotics muab nws nws exhaustive txhais lus.

Lus - landmark tsim, pab rau cia thiab kis tau tus mob muaj peev xwm ntaub ntawv, muaj ib tug lub cev xwm. Nws zog - kev sib txuas thiab cov lus qhia nyob rau hauv ntau haiv neeg tib neeg kev ua ub no.

Nyob rau hauv lem, siv txawv cim lis dej num, xws li transcription, lus piav tes, shorthand, nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lus Morse thiab lwm tus neeg. Lus nyob rau hauv semiotics - rau feem ntau generalized kev - yog subdivided rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso thiab dag. Peb mus txuas ntxiv rau delve rau hauv lub npe uas yog tus kos npe rau lus system.

Semiotics cov lus

Raws li koj tau pom, cov lus - lub ze tshaj rau peb ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib thaj av qauv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws kuj semiotics thiab lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm qhov tshwm sim, occupies ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw ntawm cov lwm yam koom haum pab systems. Language tsis yog tsuas yog ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, kev qhia thiab kev tsim thiab tib neeg xav, xav, ib txoj kev qhia, xws li cov kab kev los ntawm kev khiav dej num ua tsis tshua muaj neeg ntau.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, rau kev sib piv, qhov tshwj xeeb kos npe rau systems (los ntawm txoj kev, lawv mas feem ntau yog dag) kis tsuas txwv los ntawm lub hom thiab cov nyiaj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, los yog ua rau nws cov transcoding.

Nta thiab Scope ntawm cov kev siv cov lus nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau cov tshwj xeeb units. Nws muaj feem xyuam kiag li tag nrho cov qhov chaw ntawm scientific thiab cov tswv yim kev ua ub no. Tshwj Xeeb tib landmark lug on qhov tsis tooj, uzkonapravlen.

Lus tsim muaj thaum lub sij hawm siv, mloog lus domestic kev cai thiab lwm influences. Tshwj xeeb kos npe rau systems yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm ib tug tib daim ntawv cog lus ntawm cov neeg yog kiag li dag.

Ntuj thiab dag lus

lus nta nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau lwm cov tshuab ntau wider. Peb kuj hais tias lub ntsiab qauv tshau rau lub division ntawm lus dlhos lawv mus rau hauv dag thiab tej yam ntuj tso. Tam sim no saib no ob hom lus ib tug me ntsis ntau.

Yog li, lub ntuj lus - ib tug uas tuaj nrog cov txiv neej. Nws txoj kev loj hlob tshwm sim lawm, tus neeg nws tsis ua ib tug ras kev txiav txim.

Hais txog dag lus, raws li ib tug tej zaum twv, hais tias lawv yog txhob txwm tsim tib neeg lub nruab rau tshwj xeeb lub hom phiaj. Tsim dag systems vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, inefficient los yog txawm tsis yooj yim sua rau siv cov txhais tau tias ntawm tej yam ntuj tso lus.

Nyob rau cov nqe lus nug ntawm dag lus

Peb twb kawm tau txaus nyob rau hauv xav tias lub ntsiab lus: "Language raws li ib tug system ntawm tej yam tshwm sim." Xam tias yog yuav nthuav tshwj xeeb tshaj dag lus. Lawv faib muaj xws li xws sub-hom, xws li:

- Npaj lus - txoj kev ntawm thoob ntiaj teb sib txuas lus; yog koom haum pab muaj nuj nqi; qhov no yog ib tug zoo-paub Esperanto, uas tsoo tawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua xeem ib tug cus ciav txaus siab;

- cov cim - zauv cim, lub cev, cov zajlus kom, tshuaj;

- cov lus ntawm tib neeg kev sib txuas lus tshuab - no muaj xws li programming lus.

Semiotics raws li ib tug science

Txoj kev tshawb no qhab nia kev kawm ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb science - semiotics, uas txog lub hauv paus chiv keeb, tus qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm ntau yam systems uas khaws thiab kis cov lus qhia. Semiotics kawm lub ntuj thiab dag lus, raws li zoo raws li lub dav dav txoj kev hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov qauv ntawm tag nrho cov tej yam tshwm sim.

Science tshuaj xyuas cov lus nyob rau hauv ib tug broad siab, uas yog, yuav tsum vov ob yam thiab dag. Ntuj yog xav tau cov thawj modeling systems. Secondary lus kuj yog kab lis kev cai, vim hais tias los ntawm lawv cov neeg socialized ntaub ntawv, kev txawj ntse thiab ntaus nqi tej yam nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm peb.

Secondary modeling tshuab txawv no kuj hu ua kev cai lis dej num. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib tug kos npe rau system - cov kev cai code: kev cai ntawv, nrog rau cov kev zam ntawm tej yam ntuj tso lus. Yuav kom to taub cov phenomena, nws yog tsim nyog rau lub npe ua piv txwv ntawm qhob. Yog li, cov qauv ntawm tus cwj pwm, kev cai dab qhuas ntawv, kev ntseeg, tej kab ke, units (khoom, tej hauj lwm) ntawm cov kos duab - tag nrho cov no yog cov theem nrab modeling systems.

Tej systems yog ua nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm ib tug tej yam ntuj tso lus, tab sis yog siv raws li dag: nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam teb ntawm kev ua si, rau cov kev pauv ntawm tej lus. Cov kos npe rau systems kawm rau lub hom phiaj, ib txhia ntawm lawv tsuas yog muaj nyob rau hauv tej yam kev pab pawg. Kev sib piv, cia peb nco ntsoov tias tej yam ntuj tso lus - universal cov cuab yeej.

Kev txhawb, nta, piv txwv

Nyuam qhuav pib nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb ntsia ntau yam teeb meem muaj feem xyuam rau ib tug muab lub ntsiab - ib tug kos npe rau system, nws piv txwv, hauv qeb txhais cov ntsiab lus. Tam sim no cia peb saib ib tug me ntsis ntau ntawm lawv cov hom, muab piv txwv rau cov piv txwv hom phiaj. Lawv yuav tsis tas rau cov lus.

- Ntuj tej yam tshwm sim - tej yam ntuj tso phenomena yog tej yam uas peb yuav taw tes rau lwm tshwm sim, tej khoom ntsuam xyuas. Lawv nqa cov lus qhia txog txoj kev uas lawv embody. Tsis tau lawv yuav tsum tau hu ua pas. Piv txwv li, ib tug natural kos npe rau ntawm hluav taws yuav haus luam yeeb. Yuav kom zoo txhais rau lawv, koj yuav tsum muaj ib co lus qhia.

- Iconic tej yam tshwm sim - cov neeg uas yog cov dluab ntawm tej yam thiab phenomena uas tso saib. Txwv tsis pub, koj muaj peev xwm hu rau lawv tej yam tshwm sim-dluab. Lawv feem ntau tsim artificially, txhob txwm tshaj tawm muab nws ib tug yam ntxwv zoo. Zoo piv txwv ntawm cov cim-dluab peb pom nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag: ib tug ib yam li xob quaj, birdsong, cua nrov nrov, thiab lwm yam ntawd nyob ib leeg tsis tso saib rau hauv daim ntawv, thiab lwm yam kev - cov khoom ...

- Kev qhia - cov neeg uas muaj ib tug pragmatic muaj nuj nqi. Tej yam tshwm sim ntawm ua dab neeg muaj xws li lawv nyob rau hauv cov kev ua ub. Lawv muaj peev xwm pab tau raws li ib tug nthuav dav uas koj yuav tau txais cov lus qhia txog tag nrho cov mechanism. Lub fact tias cov kws qhia ntawv yuav qhib cov chav kawm ntawv phau ntawv journal, yog ib tug kos npe rau ntawm lub yavtom ntej daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas tuaj koom. Lwm yam, theem nrab qhov tseem ceeb muaj nuj nqi cim muaj tso tawm nyob rau tej yam tshwm sim - ib tug dub miv khiav hla txoj kev - mus rau lub teeb meem, horseshoe theem zoo siab.

- Tej yam tshwm sim yog intuitive: nws kos npe rau kev ceeb toom. Peb txhua tus yeej paub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsheb lub teeb xim, piv txwv li.

- Pa tej yam tshwm sim - dag, tsim los ntawm cov neeg rau xa mus rau tej yam tshwm sim. Nrog rau cov los ntawm cov kev kawm lawv yuav tsis zoo sib xws. Yog li, liab ntoo khaub lig - txhais tau tias tsheb thauj neeg mob nees txaij - cov neeg taug kev hla kev, thiab lwm yam ...

- lus kos npe rau systems - ib tug hais lus. Nyob rau cov lus raws li ib tug kos npe rau system peb tau hais nyias. Piv txwv li ntawm cov lus piav system peb raug nplua saum toj no.

- Cim - Taw rau ib yam khoom los phenomenon compact tej yam tshwm sim, thiab muaj ib tug thib ob muaj nuj nqis. Lawv ua hauj lwm - los mus taw qhia tej yam khoom nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm no. Piv txwv li: cov lus dab neeg ntawm ib daim ntawv qhia, lub xeev cim - tus chij, emblem thiab anthem.

- Indices - compact cim ntawm cov khoom thiab phenomena. Tej zaum lawv kuj muaj ib tug zoo zoo lawm rau tus kwv cim.

xaus

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb kov rau ib tug sab heev ntsiab lus: "Yuav ua li cas yog tus kos npe rau system", kuj coj cov piv txwv, raws li zoo raws li nyias them xim rau cov lus. Classification, peb pom tias cov rau tam sim no theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm semiotics.

Tam sim no uas koj paub tias dab tsi cov lus raws li ib tug kos npe rau system, lus muaj nuj nqi thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm nws txoj kev siv, peb kuj tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv parallel, peb pom tias lub feem ntau kev faib ntawm hom lus systems - lawv yog cov txiv neej-ua thiab tej yam ntuj tso. Thiab xaus lus tias cov lus - kos npe rau system, uas ua hauj lwm pab rau cia, hloov thiab muaj peev xwm ntaub ntawv. Hopefully, hom lus-semiotic kawm yog nthuav rau koj!