Yuav ua li cas yog cov lus system thiab nws cov qauv?

Yuav ua li cas yog cov lus li cas? Yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau nws txawv ntawm lwm streamlined lus cov ntsiab lus? Language system yog lub teeb ntawm cov lus hais. Nws tseem ceeb heev uas lawv tsis nyob ntawm lawv tus kheej, tab sis yog zoo txuas. Thiab ntaub ntawv ib tug hluas thiab tiav system. Txhua yam ntawm nws lub Cheebtsam muaj ib yam tseem ceeb.

qauv

Language system yog unthinkable yam uas tsis muaj rau lwm ntawm kev hais lus, ntau ntau, cim, thiab hais txog. D. Tag nrho cov ntsiab yog daim ntau quav tso rau hauv lub zuag qhia tag nrho cov qauv nrog ib tug nruj hierarchy. Ua ke tsim tau ib cov tsawg tseem ceeb Cheebtsam attributable rau theem siab dua qub. Language system muaj xws li ib tug phau ntawv txhais lus. Nws yog suav tias yog cov lus nug, uas muaj xws li npaj txhij-ua rau lwm cov lus. Lub mechanism ntawm coupling yog qauv sau ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv txhua txhia yam lus muaj ib co chaw uas yog sib txawv heev los ntawm txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv lawv lub zog. Piv txwv li, tej zaum nws yuav txawv thiab lawv taub hau. Yog li, cov kev hloov ntawm txawm ib tug caij ntawm phonology muaj peev xwm hloov tag nrho lub hom lus raws li ib tug tag nrho, whereas nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov lus ntawm qhov no yuav tsis tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub system muaj xws li cov periphery thiab qhov chaw.

Lub tswvyim ntawm cov qauv

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub sij hawm "lus system", kuj tau txais lub tswvyim ntawm lus qauv. Ib txhia linguists xav txog lawv synonymous, ib txhia - tsis. Txhais txawv, tab sis cov lawv muaj yog cov feem ntau nrov. Raws li ib tug ntawm lawv, tus qauv ntawm cov lus yog qhia nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug ntawm nws cov ntsiab. Tsis tas li ntawd Popularly kev sib piv nrog tus ncej. Tus qauv ntawm cov lus yuav suav hais tias ib co ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo thiab sib txuas ntawm cov chav nyob ntawm cov lus. Lawv tshwm sim los ntawm qhov thiab tuab lub zog thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub system.

zaj dabneeg

Cwj pwm rau cov lus raws li ib tug system hloov zuj zuj ntau centuries. Qhov no saib tso los ntawm ancient grammarians. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub nkag siab ntawm lub sij hawm "lus system" sawv xwb nyob rau hauv niaj hnub lub sij hawm ua tsaug rau cov chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm tej eminent zaum li Ferdinand de Saussure, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Lub yim hli ntuj Schleicher thiab Ivan Boduen de Courtenay.

Qhov kawg ntawm cov linguists pom cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws lus units: phoneme, grapheme, morpheme. Saussure yog tus founder ntawm lub tswv yim tias cov lus (tus system) yog opposite rau tus hais lus. Qhov no lus qhuab qhia tsim nws cov thwj tim thiab cov thwjtim. Yog li ntawd, yog ib tug tag nrho cov kev qhuab qhia - ntxwv linguistics.

theem

Cov yooj yim ntau ntau theem lus system (kuj hu ua subsystems). Cov no muaj xws homogeneous lus units. Txhua qib muaj nws tus kheej set ntawm cov kev cai uas nws faib yog raws li. Tsis pub dhau ib tug ib theem tsev nkag mus rau hauv ib tug kev sib raug zoo (piv txwv li, tsim ib lub tswv yim thiab cov nqe lus). Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, cov ntsiab ntawm cov txawv muaj ntau seem tej zaum yuav muaj nyob rau hauv ib leeg. Yog li, lub morpheme muaj phonemes thiab cov lus - ntawm lub morpheme.

Ntsiab theem ntawm cov lus system yog ib feem ntawm txhua hom lus. Linguists qhia ob peb ntawm xws tiers: morphemic, suab, syntactic (xa mus rau cov proposals) thiab lexical (ie lus ..). Ntawm lwm leej lwm, muaj feem ntau ntawm cov lus. Lawv pom qhov txawv feature yog lub "ob mog units," piv txwv li, cov neeg lus units uas muaj cov nqe lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab kev qhia. Yog li ib tug ntau dua theem, piv txwv li, ib tug semantic.

Cov ntaub ntawv theem

Cov yuav tsum muaj tshwm sim rau qhov kev siv ntawm cov lus system yog lub tswv yim khiav lag ntawm tus hais lus kwj. Nws yog tau hais tias yuav pib ntawm cov kev xaiv ntawm nqe lus los yog nqe lus. Lawv ua si lub luag hauj lwm ntawm kev sib txuas lus rau lwm. Lub system ntawm cov lus hais lus kwj coj mus rau lub syntactic theem. Qhov thib ob theem ntawm yim khiav lag luam - division cov nqe lus. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws tsim lo lus cov ntaub ntawv. Lawv ua ke ua kev functions - txheeb ze, derivation, nominative. Lo lus ntaub ntawv yog teev rau hauv lus los yog tokens.

Raws li hais saum toj no, lub system ntawm cov lus tshwm sim yog hais tias cov neeg los ntawm cov lexical theem. Nws yog tsim nyob rau cov ntsiab lus. Cov theem tom ntej ntawm yim khiav lag luam yog txuam nrog qhov kev tso tawm nyob rau hauv lub hais lus ndlwg ntawm cov tsawg tshaj plaws units. Lawv yog cov hu ua morphs. Ib txhia ntawm lawv muaj zoo tib yam grammatical thiab lexical lub ntsiab. Cov morphs ua ke nyob rau hauv ib tug morpheme.

Lub yim khiav lag luam ntawm tus hais lus kwj tiav qhov kev tso tawm ntawm me me feem ntawm kev hais lus - suab. Lawv txawv nyob rau hauv lawv lub zog. Tab sis lawv muaj nuj nqi (yus) yog tib yam. Suab yog muab nyob rau hauv ntau hom lus unit. Nws yog hu ua ib tug phoneme - tsawg heev ya ntawm cov lus. Nws yuav tuaj raws li ib tug me me (tab sis tseem ceeb) bricks nyob rau hauv ib tug loj lus siv. Siv suab system tsim phonological theem lus.

chav tsev ntawm cov lus

Cia saib yuav ua li cas lub tsev ntawm cov lus system txawv los ntawm nws cov lwm yam hais. Lub fact tias lawv yog irreducible. Yog li, cov kauj ruam no yog tus nqi qis tshaj nyob rau hauv tus ntaiv lus. Chav muaj ob peb classifications. Piv txwv li, lawv muab faib los ntawm lub suab muaj lub plhaub lawm. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, rau lwm xws li morphemes, phonemes thiab cov lus, lub caij nplooj zeeg rau hauv tib pab pawg neeg. Lawv pom tau hais tias yuav cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv hais tias lawv muaj ib qhov suab plhaub. Nyob rau hauv lwm cov pab pawg neeg lub tsev ib tug qauv ntawm cov nqe lus, lo lus thiab kab ntawv. Cov units yog hu ua tus txheeb ze-khoom, raws li lawv cov constructive ntsiab lus twb generalized.

Lwm faib yog raws li raws li seb koj puas muaj ib feem ntawm lub system muaj nqis. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb kos npe rau. Khoom units cov lus yog muab faib mus rau hauv ib-txoj kev (cov neeg uas tsis muaj lawv cov qhov tseem ceeb) thiab ob sab sib dho (muab tej txiaj ntsim nrog lub ntsiab lus). Lawv (cov lo lus thiab morpheme) muaj lwm lub npe. Cov units yog hu ua dua tsev lus.

Systematic txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov lus thiab nws cov khoom yog tsis sawv tseem. Niaj hnub no muaj tau ib tug qauv, raws li uas lub tswvyim ntawm kev sib "sau" thiab "hais" tau tiag tiag cais. Qhov no yog ib tug tshiab kuj tshwm sim. Nws yog nkag mus rau hauv tej chaw tshawb xav hais tias raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub hom phiaj thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm kev qhia cov ntsiab ntawm cov lus sib txawv uas tsis yog-tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv no lawv txawv los ntawm cov chav nyob.

Yuav ua li cas lwm nta yog yus muaj los ntawm ib hom lus system? lus units txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam feem, qualitatively thiab quantitatively. Los ntawm no tib neeg yog paub nrog xws li sib sib zog nqus thiab ntau hom lus muaj ntau haiv neeg.

system zog

Ntawm UFW ntawm structuralism ntseeg tau hais tias cov lus system ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus (los yog lwm yam) yog yus muaj los ntawm ob peb lub sijhawm - txhav, kaw thiab unambiguous txias. Muaj yog ib qho kev rov qab foundations. Nws yog sawv cev comparativists. Lawv ntseeg tias cov lus raws li ib tug lus system yog dynamic thiab qhib rau hloov. Zoo ib yam li cov tswv yim yog lug txhawb nyob rau hauv lub tshiab qhov chaw lug.

Tab sis txawm los ntawm UFW ntawm cov kev tshawb xav ntawm lub puab thiab variability ntawm cov lus yeej tsis lees qhov tseeb hais tias tej system ntawm cov lus txhais tau tias muaj ib tug tej yam stability. Nws yog tshwm sim los ntawm lub zog ntawm cov qauv, uas ua raws li ib tug kev cai lij choj vim ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov lus hais. Dialectical variability thiab stability. Lawv tawm tsam tendencies. Tej lo lus nyob rau hauv cov lus system txawv nyob ntawm seb uas ib tug yog yus muaj los ntawm ib lub zog txhawb.

nta units

Qhov zoo tshaj yuav tseem ceeb heev rau lub folding ntawm cov lus system - yog thaj chaw ntawm cov lus units. Lawv qhov yog manifested nyob rau hauv kev sis raug zoo nrog txhua lwm yam. Tej zaum linguists hu zog subsystem zog uas lawv tsim. Tej yam no yog muab faib ua sab nraud thiab sab hauv. Cov yav tas yog nyob ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab sib txuas ntawm lawv tus kheej tsim units. Sab nraud zog yog los ntawm cov lus ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog sab nraud ntiaj teb no, cov kev muaj tiag ntawm tib neeg kev xav thiab txoj kev xav.

Cov units tsim ib tug system vim lawv sib txuas. Cov khoom ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo varied. Ib txhia sib haum mus rau lub communicative muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov lus. Lwm tus muaj kev cuam tshuam cov kev twb kev txuas ntawm cov lus thiab cov tib neeg lub hlwb mechanisms - qhov uas nws tus kheej lub neej. Feem ntau, cov no ob hom raws li graphics nrog kab rov tav thiab ntsug axes.

Correlation ntau ntau thiab cov chav nyob

Subsystem (los yog qib) lus tseg yog hais tias nyob general nws muaj tag nrho cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev lus. Raws li nws yuav tsum tau ntawm kev ua raws cai nrog constructiveness. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, rau theem ntawm cov chav tsev yuav tsum tau muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm tiers, situated saum toj no lub theem. Nyob rau hauv cov lus txhua yam yog sib thooj,, thiab tsis muaj ib feem ntawm nws nyob tsis tau nyias los ntawm tus so ntawm lub cev.

Properties subsystem txawv nyob rau hauv zoo los ntawm lub zog ntawm cov chav nyob uas tsim nws theem sab. Qhov no yog qho tseem ceeb heev. theem zog yog txiav txim thiaj tau tuaj los ntawm chav nyob ntawm cov lus uas yuav nkag mus ncaj qha mus rau hauv nws cov qauv. Xws li ib tug qauv yog ib qho tseem ceeb feature. Linguists sim los qhia cov lus raws li ib tug multi-tiered system - ib qho los mus tsim ib tug sib txawv tagnrho ordering tswvyim. Ib tug zoo xws li cov tswv yim yuav tsum tau hu ua utopian. Theoretical qauv txawv ho los ntawm sij xyaum. Txawm tias txhua tus nplaig heev, nws tsis yog ib tug zoo meej symmetrical thiab harmonious system. Uas yog vim li cas nyob rau hauv kev kawm yam lus ntau yam thiaj li zam rau cov kev cai uas txhua leej txhua tus paub tseem nyob rau ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv.