Sulfur (lat Sulfur.) - nonmetal caij. Cov tshuaj cim S, cov naj npawb nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj - 16 Valence leej faj twb teem txawm ua ntej kawm cov qauv ntawm cov atom. Nws tus nqi yog txiav txim raws li cov khoom hloov, nyiam los yog muab ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam atoms los yog tej pawg. Tom qab ntawd, cov neeg tshawb fawb pom ib tug luag hauj lwm ntawm tsis zoo them hais (electrons) nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm ib yam tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus.
Valence ntawm cov leej faj: uas particular atoms cuam tshuam nws cov nuj nqis?
Feem ntau cov tshuaj lub caij rau lub ntiaj teb yog nyob rau lub 16th qhov chaw. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kaj daj muaju los yog hmoov nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb nyob ze kom nquag plias thiab tsaug zog volcanoes. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws lub npe hu ntuj tebchaw - sulphides thiab sulphates.
Nta ntawm hais thiab tshuaj:
- Muaj zog nonmetal.
- Los ntawm electronegativity (EO) los yog tus muaj peev xwm ua rau neeg nyiam electrons cov leej faj loo tsuas fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen, tshuaj thiab bromine.
- Nws reacts nrog co thiab nonmetals, yooj yim thiab complex tebchaw.
Lub sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov khoom nyob ntawm seb cov qauv thiab lub xeev ntawm cov atom, qhov txawv nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm EO. Cia peb kawm seb tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv ib tug valence ntawm cov leej faj tebchaw. Lawv tshuaj cwj pwm nyob ntawm seb cov qauv ntawm lub hwj chim hnab ntawv, tus naj npawb thiab kev kho ntawm lub txheej electrons nyob rau hauv lub atom.
Yog vim li cas valency yog sib txawv?
Ruaj isotopes yog tej yam ntuj tso leej faj nrog huab hwm coj cov xov tooj ntawm 32 (feem ntau), 33, 34 thiab 36. Txhua yam ntawm cov atom nuclides 16 muaj zoo them protons. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyob ze ntawm lub nucleus txav nrog zoo kawg li ceev ntawm 16 electrons. Lawv yog cov infinitely me me, tsis zoo them. Tsawg attracted rau lub nucleus (xoob me) 6 lwm hais. Ob peb los yog tag nrho cov ntawm lawv raug muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ntau hom tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus. Raws li niaj hnub tswv yim valence ntawm cov leej faj yog txiav txim los ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm tsim ntau (tsevneeg) electron officers. Feem ntau Illustrations lwm hais koom nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem, sawv cev los ntawm ib tug taw tes nyob ib ncig ntawm ib tug tshuaj cim.
Raws li ib tug valence nyob rau cov qauv ntawm cov atom?
Nrog cov qauv yuav qhia tau ntau ntau thiab sublevels (s, p, d) siv lub zog daim duab uas tus valence ntawm cov leej faj yog nyob mis. Ob tug oppositely qhia xib xub symbolize paired, ib tug - unpaired electrons. Cov sab nraud qhov chaw leej faj atom orbitals daim ntawv hais 6 thiab 8 yog tsim nyog rau cov stability ntawm lub octet txoj cai. Valence plhaub configuration qhia mis 3s23p4. Electrons tsis tiav txheej muaj ib tug loj cia ntawm lub zog, uas ua rau lub tsis ruaj tsis khov lub xeev ntawm cov atom. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua tau stability ntawm cov leej faj atom yuav tsum tau ob ntxiv tsis zoo hais. Tej zaum lawv yuav tau thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm covalent bonds nrog rau lwm cov ntsiab los yog vim qhov haum ntawm ob tug dawb electrons. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, sulfur yog ib tug valence II (-). Cov nqi yuav tsum tau siv cov mis: 8 - 2 = 6, qhov twg 6 - yog cov pab pawg neeg tooj nyob rau hauv uas lub caij.
Qhov twg muaj tebchaw nyob rau hauv uas lub valence ntawm cov leej faj yog II (-)?
Caij attracts los yog kiag li yuav siv sij hawm electrons los ntawm atoms nrog ib tug tsawg dua electronegativity nqi raws li Pauling scale. Valency II (-) yog muaj nyob rau hauv sulfides ntawm hlau thiab nonmetals. Ib tug uas nws kim heev pab pawg neeg ntawm xws tebchaw yog pom nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov pob zeb thiab lwm yam minerals tawm yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg tswv yim tseem ceeb. Cov no muaj xws pyrite (FeS), sphalerite (ZnS), galena (PBS), thiab lwm yam. hlau sulfide muaju muaj ib tug zoo tan xim thiab ci. "Ruam tus kub" mineral pyrite yog feem ntau hu ua. Rau co ntawm lawv ores nqa calcining los yog yuav txo. Hydrogen sulfide H2S muaj tib lub tshuab hluav taws xob lug, xws li dej. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm H2S:
- yog tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm lwj ntawm cov nqaijrog (e.g., nqaij qaib qe);
- Nws Dentistry nrog volcanic gases;
- Nws accumulates nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso dej, roj;
- tso tawm rau hauv lub voids nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab.
Yog vim li cas yog lub mis valent leej faj oxide SO2?
Formula dioxide qhia hais tias ib tug leej faj atom nyob rau hauv ib tug qauv sib raug zoo rau ob oxygen atoms, txhua tus uas yuav tsum muaj 2 mus rau lub electron octet. Cov uas ua daim ntawv cog lus yog los ntawm qhov ib tug ncov qaumteb qabteb covalent (EO ntau oxygen). Lub valence ntawm cov leej faj nyob rau hauv no compound muaj ib tug nqi ntawm IV (+), vim hais tias cov leej faj atom electron 4 yog moog ntawm lub ob oxygen atoms. Cov mis yuav tsum muab sau raws li: S2O4, tab sis raws li cov kev cai yuav tsum raug txo los ntawm 2. dioxide thaum yaj nyob rau hauv dej ntaub ntawv sulfurous acid ions tsis muaj zog. Nws ntsev - sulphites - muaj zog kom txhob muaj cov neeg ua hauj. SO2 roj yog ib nrab nyob rau hauv lub zus tau tej cov sulfuric acid.
Uas tshuaj leej faj exhibits nws siab tshaj plaws valence?
Oxide los yog SO3 S2O6 - tsis muaj kob kua kub hauv qab no 17 ° C, nws hardens. Nyob rau hauv lub chaw tub rog ntawm SO3 yog lub valence ntawm oxygen II (-), thiab VI (+) sulfur. Dua oxide yaj nyob rau hauv dej thiab ntaub ntawv ib tug muaj zog dibasic sulfuric acid. Rau ib tug loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhuav txheej txheem ib yam khoom uas hu ua "cov mov uas cov tshuaj ua lag luam." Tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev khwv nyiaj txiag thiab cov tshuaj yog acid ntsev - sulphates. Siv hydrated calcium (gypsum), sodium (Glauber lub ntsev), magnesium (English los yog iab ntsev).
Cov tsim ntawm ntau hom tshuaj tsevneeg tej zaum yuav koom 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, tus txheej electrons. Peb hu qhov tau valence leej faj, muab hais tias muaj tsawg tsawg thiab tsis ruaj tsis khov compound: Kuv (-), II (-), II (+), III (+), IV (+), VI (+). Ib tug thib ob zoo valence caij acquires monoxide SO. Feem ntau tus nqi II (-), IV (+), VI (+) qhia tau hais tias leej faj nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov pab pawg neeg ntawm tshuaj muaj muaj, ua liaj ua teb thiab kev kho mob tseem ceeb. Nws tebchaw yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua foob pob hluav taws.
Cov teeb meem loj yog cov capture ntawm pov tseg gases, xws li teeb meem rau tib neeg thiab qhov ib puag ncig ntawm cov leej faj oxides IV (+), VI (+ ) thiab hydrogen sulfide. Tsim technology rau qhov kev ntawm cov khib nyiab gases thiab muab lawv los ntawm lub sulfuric acid sulfates. Yuav kom qhov no kawg, tshuaj nroj tsuag tsa nyob ze steel mills los yog nyob rau hauv tib cheeb tsam. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tus nqi ntawm cov kab mob sib kis yog txo, muaj yog tsawg "sulfuric acid los nag."