Substandard cov khoom: kev piav qhia thiab cov yam ntxwv

Substandard khoom, uas muaj ib tug me me kho raws nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khawb los yog xim mismatch, poob tej pob khoom los yog uas tsis yog-functional ib feem ntawm cov khoom, yuav ho txuag nyiaj txiag thiab kev kav rau ntau xyoo los lo lus uas peb. Nekonditsiyu feem ntau tsis meej pem nrog kev sib yuav, uas plays mus rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm tsis ncaj manufacturers los yog sellers thiab yuam kev tau txais kev pab.

Yuav ua li cas yog nekonditsiya

Nekonditsiya - nws yog ib yam khoom uas tsis tau raws li cov qauv, specifications rau ib co tsis. Nonconforming cov khoom no yog cov kev tshwm sim ntawm uas tsis yog raws kev cai nrog tus lawm technology. Muaj ob peb hom hloov los ntawm lub cai:

• Khoom conditionally usable.
• Cov khoom no yog tsim tom qab tus kho lus.
• Cov khoom no yog tsis haum rau kev siv, thiab yuav tsum tau pov tseg.

Sib yuav los yog nekonditsiya

Cov khoom no, conditionally haum rau cov lag luam, nrog rau cov tom qab kho yog substandard. Yog hais tias tsis muaj kev hloov los sis kho vaj tse yuav tsis tau rov qab mus nws tej yam muaj nuj nqi, ces nws yog ib rooj plaub ntawm kev sib yuav. Substandard khoom yog txawv los ntawm lub uas tsis lees txais cov khoom uas muaj me me los tsis zoo yuav siv tau rau nws npaj lub hom phiaj tom qab cov chaw tsim tshuaj paus los yog neeg muab kev pab txhim kho.

ua rau

Substandard khoom yuav tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov voj voog, tab sis kuj rau lwm yam. Piv txwv li:

• Kev puas tsuaj rau cov khoom tshwm sim los thaum lub sij hawm tus me nyuam.
• Cov tsis ntawm qhov chaw los yog pob, kev puas tsuaj rau lub pob.
• Sab nraud kev puas tsuaj rau cov khoom (khawb, tej daim, tsis ntawm cov xim, thiab hais txog. D.).
• Me breakages.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus txiav txim lub ntau lawm, sub-standard khoom accounting txhais: unmarketable - nws yog khoom thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas yooj yim rau siv, los yog surplus, unsold Tshuag, los yog khoom uas hais tias tsis muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub dab ntau lawm ntawm lub koom haum (tsis tsim nyog rau ib yam ntawm cov chav nyob).

nqi nekonditsiyu

Tus nqi ntawm cov ua high-zoo thiab sub-standard khoom mus rau tib Chaw tsim tshuaj paus. Lub advent ntawm sub-standard cov khoom uas muab zais tsis xws luag tham txog tag nrho cov kev ua txhaum cai ntawm tus txheej txheem, cov kev tshwm sim muaj peev xwm yuav kiag li puas lub tog. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub chaw tsim tshuaj paus txiav txim tias tus zoo (s lub koob npe nrov thiab nyiaj txiag taw tes ntawm view) npaum li cas. Recycling yuav muab ob npaug rau poob, ntawm ib tug txo nqi ntawm kev muag khoom yuav rov qab mus rau nqi, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws yog tsim nyog los qhia rau tej zaum buyer tag nrho cov tsis xws luag illiquid.

Heev feem ntau, retailers yuav khoom nyob rau hauv tej, qhov muaj yog illiquid, thiab koj yuav tsis nteg thov kom lub chaw muag khoom los yog chaw tsim tshuaj paus. Feem ntau cov feem ntau, tus nqi ntawm kev sib yuav thiab illiquid tawg nyob rau tus nqi ntawm zoo khoom. Muag khoom khw muag khoom substandard khoom yeej twb paub lawm ib tug txo nqi, thaum lub sij hawm implementer raug kev txom nyem losses nws thiaj li. Tsis tas li ntawd xyaum ntawm muag nyob rau hauv uas txhua nqi rov qab nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov nyiaj (muag tsis muaj ib tug profit thiab tsis account). Qhov kawg txoj kev uas yuav tau tshem ntawm nekonditsiyu yog kho nrog rau tom ntej muag, ua raws li ntawm tus nqi qis tshaj, rov qab mus rau lub chaw tsim tshuaj paus, ub.

Tsis xws luag thiab lawv kev faib

Nws txhais li cas substandard khoom? Cov no yog cov khoom uas muaj ib yam tsis xws luag uas, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib mus rau hauv ob peb hom:

• Ib tug meej kev kho raws. Hom kev puas tsuaj uas yog kuaj nyob rau hauv kev ua raws cai nrog zoo tswj txoj kev.
• Latent kho raws. Qhov no hom ntawm kev puas tsuaj yog tsis kuaj los ntawm tus txheej txheem kev soj ntsuam txoj kev.
• Cov tseem ceeb heev defect. Nrog rau qhov no zoo ntawm kev siv ntawm cov khoom illiquidity yog xyaum txo kom pes tsawg los yog tsis tau kev ruaj ntseg yog vim li cas.

Tsis xws luag kuj txawv nyob rau hauv degree:

• Txiav txim siab. Nws muaj ib tug tseem ceeb ntxim rau cov kev siv ntawm cov khoom / cov khoom rau nws npaj lub hom phiaj, kom txhob muaj cov kev pab cuam lub neej thiab txaus.
• Tsis tseem ceeb txaus. Nws muaj ib tug yuav luag imperceptible feem nyob rau kev siv tswv yim ntawm cov khoom / cov khoom rau nws npaj lub hom phiaj thiab lub caij ntawm nws cov lag luam.

Substandard cov khoom uas muaj tsis xws luag yuav kho, uas kuj muaj nws cov kev txawv no:

• Tshem tsis xws luag. Kho cov khoom yog tsim nyog, technically tau thiab nqi zoo.
• Unrecoverable tsis xws luag. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhov no hom ntawm kho raws yog ib tug sib yuav.

Qhov twg ntog nekonditsiya

Tej yam uas muaj ib yam kev kho raws muaj nyob rau ntawm tej taw tes ntawm kev muag khoom, thiab nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov nyuaj nyiaj txiag teeb meem, muaj khw muag khoom noj substandard khoom. Feem ntau cov feem ntau nekonditsiya settles nyob rau hauv ntau yam effluents, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no rau lub buyer purchase ntawm xws khoom txhais tau tias ib tug lottery ticket, thiab tsis yeej ib txwm yeej. Zoo, yog hais tias tus purchase yuav pab rau siab ntso ua rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, tab sis tau ib txoj tshwm sim muaj.

Tshuag khw tsim ib tug ntau ntawm unsold raws caij nyoog nyiaj ntsuab nyiaj ntawm loj hom, tes hauj lwm los yog cuav khoom. Qhov no kuj tau txais txhua yam uas muaj tej yam kev kho raws. Piv txwv li, cov khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv lub Showroom feem ntau sim rau, thiab nws loses ib co ntawm nws cov tsis txaus siab - tej zaum yuav tuaj tawm cov nyees khawm, ncab tes tsho los yog specks. Cov no yog cov cim ntawm substandard khoom. Yog hais tias nws yog, piv txwv li, lub tsev ntaub ntawv, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no muaj peev xwm muab qhov chaw raznosortitsa, tsis tiav cov khoom los yog tsis xws luag nyob rau hauv txawv degrees.

Yog hais tias ib lub tuam txhab cawm ib tug duab, lub substandard khoom yuav muag thaum ib tug txo nqi, thiab daim card yuav tsum tau teev tseg tag nrho cov tsis xws luag. Thiab yog hais tias nws yog kho, nws yuav tau tshaj tawm rau hauv no. Nekonditsiyu xam tau tias yog huv thiab Tshuag khoom, thiab nws muaj peev xwm yuav nrhiav tau tsis tsuas nyob rau hauv lub engineering khw, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv tsev muag khoom noj khw muag khoom noj. Me ntsis ntsws ntsws ice cream tsis poob nws saj thiab noj haus zoo, tab sis dhau khoom hem cov kev kho mob thiab nws cov muag khoom ntawm tsis tau tso cai.

neeg txoj cai

Raws li txoj cai txoj cai ntawm tus neeg lub rov qab los ntawm cov khoom rau lub khw, yog hais tias muaj yog tsis xws luag tom qab lub purchase, thiab cov neeg muag khoom tsis ceeb toom rau lawv. Lub algorithm yog txhais los ntawm tus tsim ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation (Law rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm tus neeg tooj 2300-1 los ntawm 07.02.1992):

• Rov qab cov khoom yuav tsum muab sau tseg nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv. Ua li no, lub buyer sau ib daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb daim ntawv, uas qhia nws cov ntaub ntawv, cov khoom tsis xws luag thiab demands rov qab los ntawm cov nqi them. Los ntawm txoj cai lij choj, cov nyiaj mus rau lub buyer yuav tsum tau xa rov qab tsis pub dhau 15 hnub tom qab qhov muag. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov neeg muag khoom yuav muaj ib tug lwm txoj - cov kev hloov los yog kho ntawm ib tug uas zoo sib xws tshaj plaws. Cov ntaub ntawv yog sau nyob rau hauv ob cov ntawv luam - tus thawj yog muab rau tus neeg muag khoom, khaws ib daim qauv ntawm cov nyiaj muas yog lub buyer.
• Tus neeg muag khoom yog yuam ua hauj lwm kom txais yuav ib daim ntawv qhia nyob rau hauv lub rov qab rau nws tus kheej puas khoom, thiab kuj mus xyuas hais tias nws raws li qhov kev thov.
• Nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev tsis sib haum, cov neeg muag khoom tsis pom zoo nrog cov uas pom tias tsis, nws yog tsim nyog los nqa tawm hauv qhov kev xeem, uas tej zaum yuav tsum tau kawm los ntawm tus neeg. Qhov kev txheeb xyuas no yog ua los ntawm cov neeg muag khoom. Yog hais tias lub buyer tsis pom zoo nrog cov kev xaus ntawm qhov kev xeem, nws yuav tsum muaj txoj cai los foob. Yog hais tias lub tsev hais plaub pom tau hais tias cov tsis xws luag muaj arisen los ntawm tsis muaj kev txhaum ntawm cov neeg muag khoom, cov buyer yuav tsum them cov nqi ntawm qhov kev xeem, kev hais plaub ntug thiab luam (cia, tsheb thauj mus los thiab li ntawd.) Cov nqi.
• Raws li cov kev cai lij choj, cov neeg muag khoom yuav tsum rov qab cov nyiaj tsis pub dhau 10 hnub tom qab tau txais daim ntawv thov. Tus nqi yuav tsum tau them nyob rau hauv tag nrho, txiav nyiaj rau hauv lub poob ntawm kev ua tau zoo, zoo nkauj zoo ntawm cov khoom yog tsis ua.
• Cov buyer yog yuam ua hauj lwm rov qab rau cov khoom uas daim ntawv thov xa mus rau tus neeg muag khoom.
• Yog hais tias cov neeg muag khoom tsis kam rov qab mus rau nyiaj txiag, thiab cov illiquidity ntawm cov khoom yog muaj pov thawj, nws yog tsim nyog los mus rau lub tsev hais plaub. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus neeg thov kev muaj cai demand ntxiv nyiaj (rau losses, tau txais ib nplua, raug nplua, ib feem ntawm lub tsev hais plaub cov nqi thiab thiaj li nyob. D.).

Nekonditsiya Tshuag nyob rau hauv rov qab

Substandard khoom nyob rau hauv lub khw yog muab faib ua ob pawg: "A" thiab "B". Cov pab pawg neeg "A" xws li muaj cov khoom uas yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam, kho, rov qab los ntawm cov neeg muas zaub. Tom qab uas cov khoom ntawm no pab pawg neeg yog xa mus rau lub chaw muab kev pab rau ntxiv ua hauj lwm - kho thiab kev soj ntsuam. Tam sim ntawd cov kws txawj xaus hais txog lub xeev txog tej yam uas, thiab yog hais tias lawv yuav kho tsis tau, nws yog xaus, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus uas lub buyer rov cov nyiaj (yog hais tias tus khoom uas xa rov qab) los yog hloov.

Kws muaj txuj lub tswv yim yog kis tau mus rau lub khw, qhov twg cov kev sib khom yuav muab qhov chaw nrog lub buyer. Khw yog unprofitable kom nyob rau hauv lawv puas khoom, thiaj li muaj qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm substandard khoom, hloov nws mus rau lub retailer ua ke nrog neeg pab leg ntaubntawv. Yog hais tias ib tug khoom muag tsim tsis yog hais txog rov qab daim ntawv cog lus, yuav muaj ib tug tag nrho los yog ib nrab pov tseg.

Substandard raznosortitsa nyob rau hauv lub khw muag khoom

Cov pab pawg neeg ntawm substandard "B" xws li muaj cov khoom muaj ib tug substandard hom ntawm cov khoom, uas ploj lawm, uas yuav tsum tau qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm tus thov kev pab chaw. Nws kuj muaj xws li cov khoom muaj cov paub inconsistencies xws mismatch stickers rau hauv lub ntim thiab nyob rau hauv cov khoom nws tus kheej, faulty accessories nrog tej yam nras (piv txwv li, ib tug mobile xov tooj set muaj xws li headphones lwm ua qauv).

Ib feem ntawm cov khoom ntawm pab pawg neeg "B" yog xa mus rau lub warehouse presales, uas tshem tawm tus neeg teeb, muaj yog devaluation, hloov nyob rau hauv tus txheej xwm ntawm lawm thiab thiaj li nyob. D. Ib tug kws muaj txuj ntsuas lub yuav tsum thiab tau kho (xeem). Tom qab qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov khoom los yog razukomplektovyvaetsya los yog xa mus rau ib tug chaw muab kev pab. Qhov no division yog nqa tawm lub purification ntawm tus neeg tej chaw thiab hloov mus rau lwm yam rau cov muag khoom outlets, cov kws muaj txuj ua ib tug kev txiav txim siab ntawm seb markdowns.

Cov khoom no yog tsis raug los kho / hloov, rhuav rau spare qhov chaw rau yav tom ntej kho. Cov khoom uas yuav siv tsis tau nyob rau hauv tej daim ntawv no, kis los yog pov tseg ntawm khoom neeg tsim.

Xyuas

Txhua enterprise muaj ib tug substandard khoom. Xyuas buyers feem ntau siv rau hauv daim ntawm tsis sib haum txog cov pros thiab cons ntawm yuav khoom nrog tsis xws luag. Tsis txais kev pab, uas tsawg kawg yog ib zaug tsis tau illiquid. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob, cov khoom no attracts uas tsis muaj nqi thiab tej zaum yuav kav rau xyoo. Cov neeg uas cam rau tej kev yuav khoom, qhia lawv tus kheej yaam puab paub, uas muaj pov thawj yuav tsum tau muaj kev vam meej.

Muaj ntau taw tes tias lub muas khoom uas cog noob me me tsev kho rau lawv tus kheej, thiab tom qab ntawd muaj tsis muaj teeb meem nrog nws. Rau feem ntau feem nws kev txhawj xeeb tsawg-tech khoom, qhov twg substandard khoom - khoom vaj khoom tsev, rooj tog zaum, textiles, hlau cov khoom, thiab lwm yam ...

Feem ntau ntawm cov tsis zoo xyuas hais txog kim los yog high-tech yuav khoom - tsheb, txawb tes, computers, thiab lwm yam Feem ntau cov tub lag luam pom zoo hais tias qhov uas yuav rau tej acquisitions yog tsis: .. Kho yuav tau txais ntau tshaj li qhov purchase nws tus kheej, thiab guarantees zoo ua hauj lwm tom qab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam.

Rau feem ntau ntawm cov tub lag luam ib qho teeb meem loj thaum muaj kev yuav yog lub ncaj ncees ntawm cov neeg muag khoom los yog chaw tsim tshuaj paus. Muaj ntau cov kam mus yuav substandard khoom, qhov kev piav qhia ntawm uas sib raug mus rau lub lub xeev ntawm tej xwm txheej, thiab hais tias muaj ib tug txo nqi. Tu siab, muaj ntau yam khw muag khoom chains muag refurbished illiquid raws li ib tug zoo cov khoom thiab tsis qhia rau buyer txog yav tag los muaj teeb meem, kev kho vaj tse los yog tsis xws luag.