Txoj cai Markovnikov VV essence thiab cov piv txwv

Cov tshuaj tshua ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub ob daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv alkenes thiab alkynes nyob rau hauv lub triple yuav tuaj koom nrog sib txawv hais. Yuav ua li cas yog kev kawm rau cov kev cai ntawm txoj kev no? Kuv kawm tus cwj pwm asymmetrical homologues ntawm ethylene thiab nyob gidrogalogenirovanii co Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij VV Markovnikov. Nws pom hais tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mechanism ntawm cov khiav yog nyob ntawm seb tus xov tooj ntawm hydrogen nrog carbon kev cob cog rua nrog ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim ntawv cog lus. Cov hypothesis muab rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm ib tug paub txog, paub tseeb hais tias tom qab lub discoveries nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm atomic qauv. Markovnikov kav tau muab lub hauv paus rau lub creation ntawm ib tug scientific theory nrog ua daim ntawv thov. Nws tso cai rau koj mus rau ntau nraaj miv zus tau tej cov polymers, lubricants, alcohols.

Markovnikov kav

Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij nyob rau hauv cov kev ua mob siab npaum li cas lub sij hawm rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm asymmetric reagents Symptoms mechanism rau unsaturated hydrocarbons. Nyob rau hauv nws tsab xov xwm, luam tawm nyob rau hauv German nyob rau hauv 1870, VV Markovnikov kos cov xim ntawm lub scientific lub zej lub zos nyob rau hauv lub selectivity ntawm tus sis ntawm hydrogen halides nrog carbon atoms nyob rau ntawm ob daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv lub unsymmetrical alkenes. Lavxias teb sab soj ntsuam raug nplua cov ntaub ntawv nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv kev nyob rau hauv cov kev kuaj. Markovnikov sau tias halogen tas koom rau cov pa roj carbon atom uas muaj qhov tsawg tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus ntawm hydrogen atoms. Feem ntau cov nrov scientific tej hauj lwm mas yuav kis tau thaum pib ntawm lub XX caug xyoo. Nws npaj siab lub hypothesis ntawm lub mechanism ntawm kev sis raug zoo yog hu ua tus "txoj cai ntawm Markovnikov."

Lub neej thiab kev ua hauj lwm ntawm tus paub txog-organics

Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov yug 25 (13 raws li tsab xov xwm. Style) nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1837. Nws kawm nyob rau University of Kazan, thiab tom qab ntawd qhia nyob rau tib lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Moscow. Markovnikov kawm tus cwj pwm ntawm unsaturated hydrocarbons los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog hydrogen halides txij thaum 1864. Txog thaum 1899, zaum nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws them tsis mloog mus rau lub xaus ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab chemist. Markovnikov, tsuas yog txoj cai, lub npe nyob rau hauv nws yawm, ua ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam uas nrhiav tau:

• Kuv tau txais cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid;
• Kuv soj ntsuam cov roj ntawm lub Caucasus thiab qhib nws organic tshuaj tshwj xeeb pes tsawg leeg - naphtha;
• Kuv teem caij rau sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub melting ntsiab lus ntawm lub tebchaw nrog branched thiab ncaj saw;
• muaj pov thawj isomerism fatty acids.

Plaub tus paub txog pab ho mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm domestic tshuaj kev lag luam thiab kev kawm.

Lub essence ntawm lub hypothesis muab rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm Markovnikov

Tus kws tshawb fawb siv ntau xyoo kawm reagent tas li ntawd tshua rau unsaturated hydrocarbons nrog ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim ntawv cog lus (alkenes). Nws yog sau tseg hais tias yog nyob rau hauv lub tebchaw ntawm hydrogen tam sim no, ces nws yuav raug xa mus rau cov pa roj carbon atom, uas muaj ntau hais ntawm hais tias hom. Lub anion yog txuas mus rau lub nyob ib sab carbon. Qhov no yog txoj cai Markovnikov nws essence. Kev ntse heev rau koj twv seb tus cwj pwm ntawm tus hais, tus qauv ntawm cov uas nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm twb tsis meej heev. Raws li txoj cai, mus rau lub ethylene hydrocarbon koom compound ntaub ntawv muaj ib tug muaj pes tsawg leeg HX, wherein X yog:

• halogen;
• OH;
• acid residue ntawm sulfuric acid;
• lwm tus.

Niaj hnub nimno suab Markovnikov txoj cai txawv los ntawm tus paub txog formulations: ib tug hydrogen atom los ntawm cov NH molecules attachable alkene yog raws kev coj kom carbon ob daim ntawv cog lus ntawm uas twb muaj ntau hydrogen, thiab X yog cov particle mus rau lub kawg hydrogenated atom.

Lub mechanism ntawm txuas ntawm electrophilic hais

Xav txog tej yam ntawm tshuaj nyob rau hauv uas txoj cai siv Markovnikov. piv txwv:

1. Tsis tas li ntawd cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hydrogen chloride rau propene. Thaum lub sij hawm sib raug zoo ntawm tus hais puas yog ob daim ntawv cog lus. Cov tshuaj chlorine ua anion yog raws kev coj kom ib tug tsawg hydrogenated carbon yog nyob rau ntawm ob daim ntawv cog lus. Hydrogen reacts nrog rau feem ntau ntawm cov hydrogenated atoms. Tsim 2-chloro hluav taws roj zeb.
2. Cov dej molecule hydroxyl tas li ntawd cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm nws cov tswv cuab los kom tsawg hydrogenated carbon. Hydrogen yog ntxiv rau feem ntau hydrogenated atom ntawm lub ob daim ntawv cog lus.

Muaj kev zam los ntawm lub tswv yim Markovnikov txoj cai nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj uas tus reactants yog cov alkenes, nyob rau hauv uas cov pa roj carbon nyob rau ob daim ntawv cog lus twb muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej yam tsis zoo pab pawg. Nws xaiv cov electron ceev, uas yog feem ntau yog attracted rau lub zoo them hydrogen. Tsis txhob ua raws li cov kev cai thiab nyob rau hauv lub tshua yuav mus nyob rau radical es electrophilic mechanism (Harish nyhuv). Cov kev zam tsis detract los ntawm txoj hauj lwm zoo ntawm cov kev cai muab tau mas Lavxias teb sab organic chemist V. V. Markovnikovym.