Neeg Lavxias teb sab lus: piv txwv. Dhau caij nyoog Lavxias teb sab lo lus

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb yuav xav txog tej formations lus raws li obsolete thiab haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab lus. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab paub cov ntsiab lus tsis yog teeb. Nws muaj ob peb khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, uas txawv nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lawv tshwm sim.

Indoevropeizmy

Qhov tseem ancient ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab indoevropeizmy yog, hais tias yog, lo lus uas muaj dhau mus rau hauv peb cov lus los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm Indo-European kev sib sau. Nyob rau hauv cov kev xav ntawm tus neeg tshawb fawb, muaj ib lub Indo-European civilization nyob rau hauv 5-4 centuries BC, hauv uas koom ntau pab pawg neeg nyob rau ib tug ncaj loj cheeb tsam. Raws li kev tshawb fawb los ntawm ib co kws tshawb fawb, cov cheeb tsam no ncav us txog ntawm lub Yenisei dej mus rau lub Volga River. Lwm tus hais tias nws yog ib tug South Lavxias teb sab los yog Balkan-Danube localization. Xws li ib tug lus zej zog raws li Indo-European, cim pib ntawm European lus, raws li tau zoo raws li ib co Neeg Esxias (xws li Sanskrit, Bengali).

Lo lus, yuav rov qab mus rau lub proto-hom lus, raws li nyob rau hauv lub zej zog sawv cev rau cov tsiaj, nroj tsuag, cov zaub mov thiab co, daim ntawv ntawm kev tswj, cov cuab yeej, cov hom ntawm kinship thiab lwm tus neeg - yog haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab lus. Piv txwv: salmon, ntoo qhib, hma, gus, tooj liab, yaj, zib ntab, bronze, tus tub, niam, hmo ntuj, tus ntxhais, daus, magnifier, tshiab, dej, thiab lwm yam stitching.

Common Slavonic lo lus

Tus tom ntej txheej ntawm cov haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab lus muaj xws li Common Slavonic, uas tau pub los ntawm ib qho Slavic (ie Proto-Slavic) Lavxias teb sab lus. Lawv tau txais kev pab raws li ib qhov chaw tsis tsuas yog ntawm peb cov lus, tab sis kuj rau tag nrho lwm cov Slavic. Qhov no tus nplaig-puag muaj nyob rau hauv prehistoric lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Vistula, lub kab thiab lub Dnieper. Tej chaw no twb inhabited los ntawm ancient pab pawg neeg ntawm cov Slavs. Common Slavic lus nyob rau hauv lub 6-7 centuries BC tsaus muag. Yog li qhib txoj kev rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm Slavic lus, uas yog mus rau lub qub Lavxias teb sab. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus rau sawv tawm Common Slavonic lo lus nyob rau hauv lawv, lawv cov uas hauv paus chiv keeb yog cuab kev niaj hnub no. Rau qhov Slavic lus ntawm lub nce thiab Lavxias teb sab. Primordially Lavxias teb sab Common Slavonic lo lus muaj xws li raws li ib feem.

Muaj ntau ntawm lawv yog npe. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog cov kev cov npe uas yog cov haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab lus. Piv txwv: lub caj pas, taub hau, lub plawv, cov hwj txwv, teb, xibtes, hav zoov, roob, Maple, birch, nyuj, twm, rauj, riam, rab hmuv, ib tug neeg nyob ze, ib tug Seine, ib tug tub qhe, ib tug qhua, ib tug phooj ywg, ib tug spinner, ib tug tswv yug yaj, ib tug Potter.

Muaj paub daws teeb, tab sis lawv yog me npaum li cas. Cov no yog cov: yuav, txoj kev ntseeg, kev txhaum, kev txhaum, muaj koob meej, kev zoo siab, kev xav, furious.

Ntawm cov lwm qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus yog sawv cev nyob rau hauv lub dav dav Slavic lus thiab verbs: hnov, pom, mus pw, kom loj hlob. Adjectives: laus, hluas, tswvyim, paub qab hau. Numerals: peb, ob, ib tug. Tej lus: koj, peb, koj. Pronominal adverbs: qhov twg muaj. Ib txhia muaj nuj nqi lus: nyob, yog, thiab, raws li saum toj no, thiab lwm yam haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab lus. Piv txwv yuav tau mus ntxiv.

Common Slavic paub cov ntsiab lus yog tam sim no txog li ob txhiab lo lus, tab sis qhov no yog nej ib tug me me vocabulary - cov tub ntxhais Lavxias teb sab phau ntawv txhais lus. Nws muaj xws li cov feem ntau siv, stylistically nruab nrab lo lus uas yog siv ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv thiab nyob rau hauv kev hais lus.

Muaj nws qhov chaw ntawm lub Proto-Slavic lus Slavic nws variants, uas muaj ntau lexical, grammatical thiab suab nta thiab segregated mus rau hauv cov nram no peb pawg: cov sab hnub tuaj, hnub poob thiab sab qab teb.

Eastern Slavic paub cov ntsiab lus

Qhov thib peb txheej, uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus tshwm sim tawm lub lus ntawm Qub Lavxias teb sab (Eastern Slavic) hom lus hais. Qhov no yog ib tug twb tau tom qab lub sij hawm, uas kuj siv mus rau lub keeb kwm ntawm lub ancient Lavxias teb sab lus. Qhov no paub cov ntsiab lus yog tsim rau lub hauv paus ntawm Eastern Slavic lus, ib tug ntawm peb pab pawg, uas yog tag nrho Laus Slavic. nws lub sij hawm ntawm tshwm sim - 7-9 xyoo pua AD. Los ntawm inhabiting nyob rau hauv Eastern Europe rov qab pab pawg neeg alliances Ukrainian, Lavxias teb sab thiab Belarusian haiv neeg. Yog vim li cas tus so ntawm lub sij hawm no nyob rau hauv peb cov lus cov lus paub thiab lwm yam ob: Belarusian thiab Ukrainian, tab sis tsis tuaj kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm lub yav qab teb thiab thaj Slavs.

Koj muaj peev xwm xaiv cov nram qab no yog mus rau lub East Slavic lus. Raws li siv cov lus nyob rau hauv cov lus los ntawm heev thaum pib, nws twb tsis tau npaum li cas, nws tseem yog ib haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab lus. piv txwv:

- lub npe ntawm cov noog, cov tsiaj, nas, aub, os, tus uab lag, bullfinch;

- lub npe ntawm cov cuab yeej: hniav, taus;

- lub npe ntawm tsev neeg cov khoom: thoob, khau looj plab hlaub, ruble, lub hleb;

- lub npe ntawm cov neeg hauj lwm: noj, ntoo, Miller, txua khau;

- lub npe ntawm ntau yam settlements: kev sib hais haum, lub zos, thiab lwm yam lexical-semantic pawg.

Ua tau Lavxias teb sab paub cov ntsiab lus

Tom ntej no, ib tug thib plaub txheej, uas muaj peev xwm yuav zoo tu qab tso - yog ua tau Lavxias teb sab paub cov ntsiab lus, uas yog tsim tom qab lub 14th pua, piv txwv li lub sij hawm ntawm ywj siab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Belarusian, Ukrainian thiab Lavxias teb sab lus. Lawv twb tshwm sim lawv muaj sib npaug rau cov kev qhia ntawm tej yam khoom los yog tshwm sim.

Ua tau Lavxias teb sab lus peev xwm yuav txawv nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub derivative: ib leaflet, ib tug bricklayer, lub zej zog, ib tug cloakroom, thiab lwm yam cuam tshuam.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm xws li ib tug lus kuj yuav ib lo lus nrog ib tug ntau yam uas tsis yog-haiv neeg hauv paus hniav uas tau ploj mus derivation thiab annexed lub Lavxias teb sab ua ntej lo lus, lus (uas tsis yog-tog, tog, kav, Aggressiveness, hwj kais, iav), raws li zoo raws li muaj ib tug complex puag (tshem ciav hlau , xov tooj cua unit). Lawv kuj muaj xws li sib txawv muaj ntau slozhnosokraschennyh lus, uas nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th koom peb cov lus: phab ntsa xov xwm, LPH, LEV thiab lwm tus neeg.

Tam sim no cov neeg Lavxias teb sab paub cov ntsiab lus tseem loj hlob tuaj nrog tshiab inclusions, uas tau raug tsim nrog kev pab los ntawm lo lus-tsev pab ntawm peb cov lus raws li ib tug tshwm sim los ntawm ntau yam kev ntawm lo lus tsim.

Dhau caij nyoog Lavxias teb sab lo lus

Tsis txawj siv lo lus tsis sai li sai tau ploj los ntawm nws. Lawv tau to taub rau tej lub sij hawm hais lus rau nws, hu mus rau peb los ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm cov ntawv tseeb. Txawm tias hais lus xyaum txhua hnub xav tau rau lawv tsis paub. Cov lus roos ib tug passive cia ntawm cov lo lus thiab yog nyob rau hauv ntau yam dictionaries nrog tshwj xeeb cim "obsolete.".

Txheej txheem archaization lus

Feem ntau archaization txheej txheem hais maj. Cov obsolete lus thiaj li muaj cov neeg uas muaj teeb meem loj "kev" (xws li qhov no, yog li ntawd, scarlet, reche, vorog, tus me nyuam). Lwm tus los ntawm lub active paub cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog muab tau los ntawm lub fact tias lawv yuav mus rau lub qub Lavxias teb sab lub sij hawm ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob. Tej zaum lus ua obsolete nyob rau hauv ib tug raug luv luv lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm, tshwm thiab disappearing nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb lub sij hawm. Piv txwv li, "Shkraba" meant mus rau lub 20s "xibhwb". Tej lus xws li "lub neeg ua haujlwm", "NKVD" obsolete heev sai sai. Yeej tsis muaj xws li ib tug nomination coj ntawv nyob rau hauv dictionaries li archaism txheej txheem yuav tsum pom tau hais txawm yog hais tias tsis heev ua kom tiav.

Ua rau archaism

Muaj ntau ntau yam yog vim li cas archaization cov ntsiab lus. Lawv muaj peev xwm kis tau extralinguistic (extralinguistic) tus cwj pwm, yog hais tias tus mob tsis kam ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm tej lo lus nrog kev transformations. Tab sis nws kuj yuav nyob ntawm, cov lus kev cai lij choj. Adverbs "sab tes xis", "oshuyu" (txoj cai, sab laug), piv txwv li, los ntawm cov active paub cov ntsiab lus zoo vim lub fact tias cov generating ntawm npe ( "caj npab" - "Shuitsev" thiab "sab tes xis" - "txoj cai txhais tes") arhaizovalis. Nyob rau hauv xws li mob, nws ua si ib qho tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm mauj kev sib raug zoo ntawm ntau yam lexical units. Piv txwv li, siv cov lo lus tawm "Shuitsev", thiab thiaj li disintegrated nyob rau tib lub semantic link txawv cov lus uas tau merged cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm keeb kwm. "Shulga" Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov lus twb tsis muab khaws cia tseg nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm "tshuav-handed" thiab tseem raws li lub npe, uas hnub rov qab mus rau lub npe menyuam yaus. Yog li ntawd tam sim no lo lus no yog siv. Hais txog qhov kev Lavxias teb sab lus, cov txheej txheem nyob hauv nws, koj muaj peev xwm tham ib tug ntev lub sij hawm. Tag nrho cov no yog heev nthuav. Peb tsuas piav me ntsis, nyob rau hauv ib tug piv txwv, yuav piav txog cov raug txheej txheem.

Collapsed anatomical nram qab no khub niam txiv: oshuyu-sab tes xis, sab tes xis-Shuitsev; Synonymous kev twb kev txuas (sab laug oshuyu). Tab sis lo lus "txoj cai txhais tes" rau ib txhia lub sij hawm, txawm lub archaization system kev sib raug zoo nrog nws, yog muaj nyob rau hauv peb cov lus. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Pushkin lub era twb siv nyob rau hauv poetic lus, "high style," lo lus. Hais txog qhov kev Lavxias teb sab lus yuav tsum hais Ius ntawm raws li ib tug lossi ua nrog, yog li ntawd cov lus yog outdated - ib tug natural txheej txheem. Lo lus "oshuyu" tseem tsuas yog raws li ib tug zab teb ntawm lub archaic, siv nws tsuas nyob rau hauv ib tug satirical ntsiab lus teb, nws twb tau thaum lub sij hawm.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub outdated paub cov ntsiab lus

Outdated paub cov ntsiab lus ua kev nyob rau hauv keeb kwm. Nws muaj pes tsawg leeg nrog rau tus thawj Lavxias teb sab lo lus (piv txwv: Semo, aforesaid, hais tias, lzya) thiab staroslavyanizmy (duav, hnia, tus), txais los ntawm ntau hom lus ( "politesse" - "kev coj zoo", "Voyage" - "Lus" "abshid" - "laus").

Lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm obsolete lus

Tseem muaj mob thaum obsolete Lavxias teb sab lo lus los yug dua, rov qab mus rau hauv lub active cia ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus hnub no ntau zaus siv cov nram qab no npe: Minister, lieutenant, tub ceev xwm, tub rog, uas archaic tom qab lub kaum hli ntuj. Lawv tau muab txoj kev mus rau lwm yam: cov neeg commissar, division commander, cov tub rog liab tub rog. Los ntawm cov passive cov lo lus nyob rau hauv lub 20s nws twb zoo tu qab tso, piv txwv li, lo lus "thawj coj", txawm nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Pushkin ntaus nqi raws li archaic thiab nyob rau hauv dictionaries ntawm lub sij hawm ua rau yus lub sib nug xov litter. Niaj hnub no nws arhaizuetsya dua. Hawj txawm nyuam qhuav poob archaic lus zoo li Duma, chav xyaum tes taw, department Lyceum. Lawv soj ntsuam tom qab 1917 raws li cov historicism.

historicism

Rov qab mus rau active mov ntawm tej lo lus yog tau xwb nyob rau hauv tej yam tshwj xeeb. Nws yog ib txwm vim muaj ib tug ntau yam ntxiv-lus yam. Yog hais tias archaization dictated los ntawm txoj cai ntawm cov lus thiab tau reflected nyob rau hauv lub lexical system kev sib txuas, tau txais lus hu ua historicism.

Ntawm lawv yog cov lub npe ntawm cov tswv yim, phenomena thiab cov khoom uas muaj zoo: chainmail, oprichnik, policeman, gendarme, ib tug pab qhia, ib tug hussar, ib tug Bolshevik, schoolgirl, requisitioning, NEP, hauv nruab nrab cov neeg pluag, cov kulak, lub VKP (b) thiab lwm tus neeg. Historicism, raws li ib tug txoj cai, yog cov kev tshwm sim ntawm ntxiv-lus yog vim li cas: txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau lawm, kev hloov, hloov tej khoom tsev siv, riam phom, thiab lwm yam

Niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv qhov kev pab cuam muaj xws li lub npe "Dhau caij nyoog thiab haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab lo lus" (Qib 6). Leej twg yuav tsum paub tsawg kawg yog ib tug me ntsis txog cov haiv neeg hom lus, nws txoj kev loj hlob keeb kwm. Peb tsab xov xwm no sau nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav nthuav cov txawj nyeem ntawv paub txog ntau yam khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov lo lus, cov uas tus poj Lavxias teb sab lus.