"Tunguska" (huab cua tiv thaiv missile-phom system): kev piav qhia txog lub ntsiab yam ntxwv ntawm

Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm huab cua nres yuav tus nrog sib ntaus nyob rau hauv lub lig sixties nws yuav tsum tau tshiab huab cua kws muaj txuj ci. Txhua yam ntawm cov txhais tau tias ntawm combating ya hom phiaj nws muaj nws zoo, tab sis nws tsis yog tag nrho thiab tsis muaj raug. Ib tug ntawm cov me nyuam no yuav tsim ib tug ntau yam riam phom uas muaj peev xwm ntawm kev rhuav tseg lub hom phaj ntawm txawv heights, los ua Soviet IRC "Tunguska", mus nyob txawv speeds. Lub fact tias tom qab no codename, thiab dab tsi yog cov preconditions ntawm nws cov tsos nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab, yuav tsum sib tham nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Foob pob ua ntxaij-antiaircraft rab phom los yog rab phom?

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov XX caug xyoo, lub ntsiab ntawm txoj kev tiv thaiv los ua ib tug foob pob ua ntxaij. Nws zoo dua yog tshwm thaum lub sij hawm tus naas ej teeb meem nyob rau hauv 1960, thaum cov neeg soj xyuas dav hlau, ya nyob rau hauv ib tug hitherto unattainable siab, raug tua los ntawm Soviet huab cua tiv thaiv. Thaum tus nqi ntawm ntau cuaj luaj tshaj tej artillery plhaub, thiab nws tau ntau dua. Nws muaj, Txawm li cas los, ib tug tseem ceeb drawback - lub nqe, tab sis rau nws, thaum muaj ib lo lus nug ntawm kev ruaj ntseg huab cua ciam teb rau lwm, yuav tsum tsis txhob sawv ntsug. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 80-ies ntawm lub Soviet Army yog huab cua tiv thaiv missile-phom complex 2C6 "Tunguska", uas yog ib tug tsiv complex, sib txuas thiab missile thiab artillery riam phom. Tej possibilities, sib txuas "ob nyob rau hauv ib tug" nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm tsis muaj ib tug tib huab cua tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav paub ceev yuav tsum tau rau xws li ib tug daim ntawv no ntawm caj npab, coj ib txoj kev tsom xam ntawm kev kawm ua tub rog tsis sib haum uas coj qhov chaw ces, thankfully, tshaj ntawd tus ciam teb rau lwm ntawm peb lub teb chaws.

Kev siv SLM thiab zuag qhia tag nrho tswvyim ntawm tus "Tunguska"

Nyob rau hauv 1973, lub Middle East. Thaum lub sij hawm Yom Kippur ua tsov ua rog, Soviet tub ceev xwm tshwj xeeb pab Arab lub teb chaws-koom ntawm qhov teeb meem, nrog rau tim lyiv teb chaws.

Lub kaum hli ntuj 15 mus txog qhovtwg noj tim lyiv teb chaws qhia nce los ntawm lub Mediterranean pab pawg neeg ntawm Israeli "Phantoms", muaj raws ntawm kaum ob ntawm aircraft. Lawv nyob ib tug tsawg qhov chaw siab tshaj, los rau lub Nile Delta.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov yeeb ncuab twb Iyiv airfields. Yog li ntawd cov Yixayee Cua Dag Zog Yuam pilots sim kom tsis txhob qhov uas yuav raug ntaus los ntawm anti-aircraft missiles ntawm Soviet siv thiab ua, muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm ntaus aircraft ya rau nruab nrab thiab theem siab altitudes, tab sis lawv yog tos rau ib qho tsis kaj siab surprise. Ntawm cov heev heev tributaries ntawm lub txuas ntawm lub ancient dej mus rau hauv lub hiav txwv Egyptians muab tso rau rafts, Pontoons anti-aircraft "Shilka" self-propelled phom, lus vsporovshie dav hlau fuselages thiab "Phantom" nrog rau lawv ceev-firing rab phom. Cov ZSU muaj lawv tus kheej radar thiab zoo heev automation, pab qhia tswj hluav taws kub, thiab kuj siv rau sab qaum teb Nyab Laj troops thaum lub sij hawm rog xav txog ntawm American aggression. Nws yuav ZSU "Tunguska" Nyob rau hauv ib lub siab, nws txais. SAM huab cua tiv thaiv tau cov kev txwv nyob rau hauv qis txwv ntawm qhov siab, thiab nws tus kheej-propelled anti-aircraft installation - nyob rau sab saum toj. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union txiav txim siab los muab lub peevxwm ntawm ob hom ntawm huab cua tiv thaiv cov cuab tam nyob rau hauv ib qhov system.

Hom lub npe thiab cov kev hloov kho

Lub complex nkag mus hauv kev pab cuam nrog rau cov Soviet Army nyob rau hauv 1982, tam sim ntawd tom qab tso tawm ntawm qhov Ulyanovsk Neeg kho tshuab tsob nroj MCI thawj sim batch ntawm cov cav tov. Los ntawm cov nyuam, peb tes num twb txwv kom muab zais sab saum toj daim card, qhov no qhia txog ib co ntawm cov sib txawv nyob rau hauv coding, tooj thiab cov tsiaj ntawv, uas nws xaiv nyob rau hauv lub tsev sau. Tej zaum lub npe tshwm nyob rau hauv xovxwm 2S16 ( "Tunguska"). Huab cua tiv thaiv missile system kom denoted 2C6, thaj, muaj ib tug typographical kev ua yuam kev, tab sis nws yog tau hais tias lub "16" - yog ib co zoo. Txhim kho kev tub rog cov khoom yog tsis tu ncua, nws yog dab tsi xyaum nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tub rog ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Nws tau tshwm sim "Tunguska-M" nyob rau hauv 1990. Antiaircraft phom-missile system tau upgraded thiab tau txais ib tug tshiab kev tswj tswvyim, uas muaj xws li ib tug laser rangefinder, lub determinant ntawm "cov phooj ywg los yog foe", thiab cov fais fab nroj tsuag tau ua duplicated koom haum pab hwj chim unit.

Modernization tej hauj lwm tau tsim, thiab tom qab lub Soviet cev qhuav dej nyob rau hauv ib qho nyuaj 90s. Cov tshwm sim ntawm lawv los ua rab phom-missile complex "Tunguska-M1", muab qhia tawm uas ua muaj due rau lub fact tias qhov no hloov kho tau exported, nyob rau hauv kev nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb. Lub code siv feem ntau - 2K22. Qhov no Hoobkas los IRC "Tunguska". Antiaircraft phom-missile system muaj ib tug NATO "lub npe" - "SA-19 Grison".

Hauv ob lub qhov muag thiab lub hlwb

Los ntawm lub npe ntawm tus complex nws yog tseeb hais tias nws riam phom muaj ob lub Cheebtsam - lub artillery thiab anti-aircraft missile. Ob leeg ntawm cov ntsiab muaj ib tug neeg taw qhia system, tab sis lub radar, los xyuas kom meej qhov txaus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov huab cua teeb meem no, lawv muab cov (dual-band). Cov no yog cov "ob lub qhov muag" tab tom nrhiav rau lub hom phiaj nyob rau hauv ib tug yeej hom. Sector daim ntawv teev txij nkawm qhov chaw nres tsheb yog muab, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tau ntawm nrig txog kev pom hu yog tau thiab siv cov kho qhov muag txhais tau tias.

Qhov tseeb system yog tsis tsuas muaj los mus txiav txim rau koj tus kheej los yog lwm tus neeg lub tsheb, tab sis kuj yuav nti qhia nws haiv neeg mus rau ib tug deb ntawm 18 km.

2C6 (los yog ZRPK 2S16) "Tunguska" yuav ua tau nrhiav aerial lub hom phaj rau ob peb algorithms (qeeb, peb-axis angular ob-coordinate), siv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lawv tus kheej radar los yog lwm radar noj. Nws ua qhov tsim nyog suav ua TSEVM board. Nruab hnub nrig txoj kev accompaniment tswj los yog tua yog nqa tawm txiav, nyob ntawm seb lub tshuab hluav taws xob counter thiab cuam theem. Yog hais tias nws yog yooj yim sua kom tsis siv neeg suav hluav taws kub yog nyob rau hauv phau ntawv hom.

artillery

Self-Propelled anti-aircraft installation "Shilka" (ZSU-23-4) tau qhia tias yog zoo heev, tab sis los ntawm tus kawg ntawm lub 70s nws ceased kom tau raws li qhov kev kawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub Soviet cov tub rog. Claim yog hais feem ntau tsis txaus caliber (22 hli) muaj cov nyhuv ntawm tus me voos kheej-kheej ntawm lesion. ZRPK phom 2S16 "Tunguska" ntau haib tridtsatimillimetrovye, thiab lawv muaj pes tsawg poob los ntawm ib nrab, lawv los ua ob tug. Qhov no yog raws nraim lub rooj plaub thaum tsawg yog zoo dua. Lub firing ntau tau nce los ntawm 2.5 mus 8 km, thiab kev siv ntawm qhov hluav taws kub, txawm lub sab tooj ntawm stems, nce los ntawm 3.4 mus rau 5 lub rounds ib feeb.

cuaj luaj

Lub ntsiab riam phom ntawm cov complex - ib tug ob-theem tshuaj missile 9M311. Nws txheej txheem heev nthuav. Tus thawj theem - khoom roj, yog ib tug khaub-ncaws nyias fiberglass lub tes tsho yog lawm ua tus sau nrog roj. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob, defeating lub hom phiaj ntawm nqa tawm ib tug ncaj qha, tsis muaj lub cev muaj zog, nws txav zoo li ib tug artillery projectile nrog ib tug mem tes tau thaum lub sij hawm acceleration, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm yuav tswj tau vim cov roj generator pov tseg nyob rau hauv tus Tsov tus tw feem. Kev sib txuas lus nrog rau cov missile tswj chaw nres tsheb - optic uas muab ib tug zoo meej tiv thaiv. Aiming yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug semiautomatic hom siv lub xov tooj cua hais kom lettered frequencies ntsia tam sim ntawd ua ntej pib nrog ZRPK "Tunguska". Huab cua tiv thaiv missile-phom system ntawm nws cov circuitry eliminates tau ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob cuam tshuam thiab redirect cuaj luaj. Yuav ua kom lub yeej ntawm tsoo lub hom phiaj yog tsis tsim nyog, lub fuse muab expansion pas nrig striking ntsiab ntawm cov yam deb nyob rau hauv contactless hom. Yim launchers.

chassis

Cov muaj ntawm huab cua tiv thaiv cov ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub frontal cheeb tsam rau kev txiav txim uas, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yog ib tug complex, tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis tau ib tug haib, txhim khu kev qha, thiab high-ceev iav uas muaj tsheb. Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim kom tsis txhob ruaj expenditure, nws twb txiav txim siab mus rau Mount anti-aircraft missile thiab rab phom system 2K22 "Tunguska" nyob rau hauv lub chassis ntawm cov GM-352 yav tas los tsim nws tus kheej-propelled "Nkawj". Cov kev ceev tshuab uas muaj raws txoj kev loj, - 65 km / h, nyob rau hauv off-txoj kev struts los yog tsuj nws lawm qis (los ntawm 10 mus rau 40 km / h). Lub diesel cav-46-2S1 muaj peev xwm 710 liters. ib tug. Nws muab ib tug lead kaum sab xis ntawm 35 °. Raug tshem tawm ntawm chais ib tug neeg kab lia, nrog ib tug hydro-pneumatic actuators xws li qhov siab hloov thiab tsa lub cev tawm hauv av.

neeg coob

Tiv thaiv cov neeg ua muab Bulletproof thiab anti-ntshiv ntoo booking welded vaj tse nyob. Nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntswg ntawm lub tsheb yog nyob tsav tsheb lub rooj zaum dua li nws, peb muaj ntau tus neeg uas yog nyob rau hauv lub mobile pej thuam (commander, radar neeg teb xov tooj thiab gunner), ua li cov neeg coob ZRPK "Tunguska". Huab cua tiv thaiv missile-phom system reacts mus hloov tej yam hauv 8 vib nas this, recharge nws (nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm tshwj xeeb cov cav tov raws li nyob rau hauv KAMAZ-43101) yog 16 feeb.

Tej lub sij hawm ntas yuav tsum tau sib txawv zoo thiab tsim nyog tau qhov kev qhia ua hauj lwm.

Lub creators ntawm lub complex

Tshwj xeeb lus tsim nyog chief system designer - Shipunov AG thiab V. P. Gryazev, tsim rab phom, thiab lub ntsiab kws rau rockets - VM Kuznetsov, uas yog tsim los ntawm lub dag zog ntawm "Tunguska". Huab cua tiv thaiv missile-phom system yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm co-lag luam los ntawm ntau qhauj ntawm lub USSR. Tracked chassis manufactured nyob rau hauv Minsk, cov tsheb laij teb Hoobkas, kev taw qhia thiab debug yuav mus nyob rau lub "Pib ntsais koj teeb" Optics - lub Leningrad LOMO. Lub chaw ua hauj lwm muab kev koom tes thiab lwm yam scientific thiab muaj cov koom haum ntawm lub Soviet Union.

Artillery riam phom nyob rau hauv Tula, rockets sau nyob rau hauv Kirov ( "Lighthouse").

kev ntawm daim ntawv thov

Thaum lub caij tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no muaj yog tsis muaj ntau haib mobile cua kws muaj txuj ci tshaj lub "Tunguska". Antiaircraft phom-missile system, txawm li cas los, rau nws cov npaj lub hom phiaj twb tsis tau tau muab siv. Thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv Chechnya, nws twb siv hluav taws ntaus tiv thaiv hauv av lub hom phaj, tab sis rau lub hom phiaj no muaj tshwj xeeb hom ntawm cov khoom thiab mos txwv. Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv 2K22 yog tsis txaus rau kev av rog. Tom qab ob lub teb IRC "Tunguska-M1" kaum tsib raug puas (mas vim RPG kev txhaj tshuaj), qhov hais kom ua tau tuaj mus rau ib tug tej yam ntuj tso xaus ntawm cov neeg pluag efficiency nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm huab cua tiv thaiv guerrilla tsov rog. Yam nplij yus siab yuav yog cov tsis muaj casualties ntawm cov neeg.

Organizational qauv

Complex huab cua tiv thaiv "Tunguska-M" yog tsim los rau cov kev puas tsuaj ntawm tej complex cov hom phiaj, raws li helicopters thiab tsawg-ya cruise cuaj luaj. Lub dynamic battlefield tej yam kev mob, txhua xws tshuab yuav ua ywj siab txiav txim siab raws li nyob rau hauv lub ua hauj lwm qhov teeb meem no, tab sis qhov loj tshaj efficiency yog tiav uas siv ib lub pab pawg neeg. No koom pab tub rog uas tsim nyog tswj qauv.

Txhua platoon muaj plaub ZRPK "Tunguska" antiaircraft missile phom system nruab pawg lus centralized hais kom ua "Rankings" yog commanding, txoj kev ua ke nrog cov platoon, armed SAM "Xub", ib tug loj compound - mobile missile artillery antiaircraft roj teeb. Nyob rau hauv lem, lub roj teeb kev kawm rau tus tso kom muaj kab muaj kev los yog divisional tswj qauv.