Ua lag ua luam, Kev lag luam
Polymer - yog dab tsi? polymer ntau lawm
Nws yog amazing li cas ntau haiv neeg cov khoom nyob ib ncig ntawm peb, thiab cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm qhov uas lawv tau. Nyuam qhuav pib, hais txog XV-XVI centuries, lub ntsiab ntaub ntawv yog hlau, ntoo, iav tom qab, yuav luag txhua lub sij hawm, iav thiab earthenware. Tab sis tam sim no caug xyoo - lub sij hawm ntawm polymers, uas yuav tsum tau los sib tham ntxiv.
Lub tswvyim ntawm polymers
Polymer. Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Koj muaj peev xwm teb mus rau ntau yam ntsiab lus ntawm view. Nyob rau hauv ib tes, ib tug niaj hnub khoom siv rau manufacturing ib tug plurality ntawm kev thiab tsev neeg cov khoom.
Nyob rau lwm cov tes, peb yuav hais tias nws yog ib tug qhia tshwj xeeb uas tsim hluavtaws tshuaj muab nrog predetermined thaj chaw rau siv nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau specialization.
Txhua yam ntawm cov lus txhais yog lawm, tsuas yog cov thawj nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub tsev, thiab lub thib ob - los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm cov tshuaj. Lwm tshuaj txhais yog raws li nram no. Polymers - qhov no macromolecular tebchaw uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv luv luv thaj tsam ntawm lub molecule saw - monomers. Lawv recur pheej txoj kev polymer macrochain. Lub monomers tej zaum yuav ob organic thiab inorganic tebchaw.
Yog li ntawd, lo lus nug: "polymer - yog dab tsi?" - yuav tsum tau ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws cov lus teb thiab chaw nyob tag nrho cov khoom thiab siv ntawm cov tshuaj.
hom ntawm polymers
Muaj ntau ntau classifications polymers los ntawm ntau yam yam ntxwv (tshuaj xwm, tshav kub tsis kam, saw qauv thiab thiaj li nyob). Cov nram qab no cov lus tham me me txog theem pib hom ntawm polymers.
| hauv paus ntsiab lus | hom | txhais | piv txwv |
| Los ntawm cov keeb kwm (rov tshwm sim) | Ntuj (natural) | Cov uas tshwm sim lawm nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Tsim los ntawm cov xwm. | DNA, RNA, cov nqaijrog, starch, amber, txhob lo lo ntxhuav, cellulose, tej yam ntuj tso roj hmab |
| hluavtaws | Tau nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj ib tug neeg tsis muaj ib tug kev sib raug zoo mus rau qhov. | PVC, polyethylene, phenol formaldehyde cob, polypropylene, polyurethane thiab lwm yam | |
| dag | Tsim los ntawm tus txiv neej nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm tej yam ntuj tso polymers. | Celluloid, cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose | |
| Los ntawm qhov seem yus pom ntawm tshuaj xwm | organic xwm | Feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov paub polymers. Nyob rau hauv ib tug organic monomer khoom (muaj li ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms yuav hloov atoms N, S, O, P thiab lwm tus). | Tag nrho cov hluavtaws polymers |
| inorganic xwm | Lub hauv paus ntawm hais xws li Si, GE, O, P, S, H, thiab lwm tus neeg. Thaj chaw ntawm polymers, yog tsis saj zawg zog, tsis tsim macrochains. | Polysilanes, polidihlorfosfazen, poligermany, polysilicic acid | |
| organoelemental xwm | Ib tug sib tov ntawm cov organic thiab inorganic polymers. Main Circuit Court - lub inorganic, sab - organics. | Polysiloxanes polycarboxylates poliorganotsiklofosfazeny. | |
| Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb saw | Gomotsepnye | Lub ntsiab saw sawv cev los ntawm cov pa roj carbon los yog pob zeb ntais. | Polysilanes, polystyrene, polyethylene, thiab lwm tus neeg. |
| hetero | Lub ntsiab lub cev pob txha ntawm qhov sib txawv atoms. | Piv txwv polymers - polyamides, cov nqaijrog, ethylene glycol. |
Tsis tas li ntawd qhov txawv ntawm linear polymers, tus ntoo khaub lig-txuas thiab branched qauv. polymer puag tso cai rau lawv mus yuav thermoplastic los yog thermosetting. Lawv kuj muaj sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm los deform nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob.
Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm polymeric ntaub ntawv
Basic ob sau ua ib pawg tej yam kev mob, raug ntawm polymers yog:
- amorphous;
- siv lead ua.
Txhua yus muaj los ntawm nws tus kheej txheej zog thiab muaj ib qho tseem ceeb cov tswv yim tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias tus polymer nyob rau hauv lub amorphous xeev tshwm sim, ces nws tej zaum yuav vyazkotekuschey kua thiab cov glassy cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov Elastomeric compound (rubbers). Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj industries, kev tsim kho, technology, zus tau tej cov muaj khoom muag.
Lub crystalline lub xeev ntawm polymers yog heev pa. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub xeev no yog interspersed nrog amorphous qhov chaw ntawm lub Circuit Court, thiab nyob rau hauv Feem ntau cov tseem molecule puv yooj yim heev rau zus tau tej cov saj zawg zog, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm siab thiab khoom fibers.
Lub melting ntsiab lus rau cov polymers yog cov sib txawv. Muaj ntau amorphous qhuav ntawm chav tsev kub, thiab ib co hluavtaws crystalline mas haum siab kub (plexiglas, iav fiber, polyurethane, polypropylene).
Polymers yuav pleev xim rau hauv ntau yam xim, tsis muaj kev txwv. Vim lawv cov qauv, lawv yuav tau mus nqus cov xim muaj hlau thiab kawm kom tau feem ntau cov tawm thiab txawv txawv xim.
Tshuaj khoom ntawm polymers
Tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm polymers txawv los ntawm cov neeg ntawm tsis muaj molecular yuag tshuaj. Qhov no yog vim rau qhov loj ntawm lub molecule, muaj cov sib txawv ntawm cov functional pawg nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv, cov Tshuag ntawm qhov ua kom muaj zog.
Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, muaj ntau ntau theem pib hom kev tshua yam ntxwv ntawm polymers:
- Tshua uas yuav tsum tau txiav txim los ntawm tej pab pawg neeg. Uas yog, yog hais tias tus polymer yog ib pab pawg neeg OH, raug alcohols, li no, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv uas lawv yuav los ua zoo tib yam rau cov neeg ntawm alcohols (lub cev qhuav dej, oxidation, yuav txo tau, lub cev qhuav dej, lwm yam).
- Sis nrog HMC (tsawg-molecular tebchaw).
- Tshua ntawm polymers tsim tau ib crosslinked macromolecular tes hauj lwm (network polymers, branched).
- Lub tshua ntawm functional pawg nyob rau hauv ib polymer macromolecule.
- Disintegration ntawm lub macromolecule rau lub monomers (saw degradation).
Tag nrho cov tshuaj yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, rau qhov kev npaj ntawm polymers nrog predetermined zog thiab xis txiv neej. Polymer Science News for KIDS tso cai rau koj los mus tsim kub-resistant, acid thiab alkali-ntawv pov thawj cov ntaub ntawv, uas muaj nyob rau tib lub sij hawm txaus yooj thiab stability.
Daim ntawv thov ntawm polymers nyob rau hauv txhua hnub
Cov kev siv ntawm cov tebchaw thoob plaws. Ob peb yuav nco ntsoov rau hauv lub teb ntawm kev lag luam, kev khwv nyiaj txiag, science thiab technology, uas yuav tsis tau polymer. Yuav ua li cas yog nws - ib tug polymeric kev khwv nyiaj txiag thiab thoob plaws siv, thiab yuav ua li cas nws yog sab lim?
- Tshuaj kev lag luam (yas manufacturing, tannins, organic synthesis ntawm loj tebchaw).
- Neeg kho tshuab engineering, chaw ua dav hlua, cov roj refineries.
- Tshuaj thiab pharmacology.
- Tau dyes thiab explosives, tshuaj tua kab thiab herbicides, tshuaj tua kab nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb.
- Siv cov kev faib kev lag luam (steel alloying, tsim suab thiab tshav kub rwb thaiv tsev, lub tsev ntaub ntawv).
- Ua cov khoom ua si, tais diav, hlab, thawv, tsev neeg cov khoom thiab housewares.
Polymer Science News for KIDS tso cai rau kom muab tau ntau thiab ntau, nws yog ib lub universal thaj chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, cov yam koj nyiam uas tsis muaj cov hlau los yog cov ntoo los yog iav.
Piv txwv ntawm polymeric ntaub ntawv
Ua ntej peb yuav hais ib qho khoom los ntawm polymers (lawv yog tsis yooj yim sua rau sau txhua yam, ntau heev ntawm lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg), koj thawj zaug yuav tsum to taub dab tsi yuav qhia cov polymer. Cov khoom, uas yog tau los ntawm cov rog, thiab yuav tsum tau lub hauv paus rau yav tom ntej siv.
Basic ntaub ntawv ua los ntawm polymers, yog:
- yas;
- polypropylenes;
- polyurethanes;
- polystyrene;
- polyacrylates;
- phenol formaldehyde resins;
- epoxy resins;
- Capron;
- viscose;
- nylons;
- polyester fibers ;
- adhesives;
- zaj duab xis;
- tannins thiab lwm tus neeg.
Qhov no tsuas yog ib tug me me daim ntawv teev cov dab tsi ntau nws muaj niaj hnub Science News for KIDS. Tiam sis ntawm no twb nws yog tseeb dab tsi cov khoom thiab cov khoom uas ua los ntawm polymers - yuav luag txhua yam khoom hauv tsev, cov tshuaj thiab lwm qhov chaw (yas qhov rais, kav, chav ua noj lauj kaub tais diav, cov cuab yeej, rooj tog zaum, cov khoom ua si, films, etc.).
Polymers nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb ntawm science thiab technology
Peb twb kov on qhov lo lus nug ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv uas polymers yog siv. Piv txwv qhia lawv tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv science thiab technology, yuav ua nyob rau hauv cov nram no:
- daim ntawv thov ntawm roj hmab;
- antistatic coatings;
- electromagnetic shields;
- Mob ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov khoom vaj khoom tsev;
- transistors;
- LEDs, thiab hais txog.
Yog tsis muaj kev txwv rau cov kev siv ntawm polymeric ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub fantasy ntiaj teb no.
polymer ntau lawm
Polymer. Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Nws yog yuav luag txhua yam uas nyob ib ncig peb. Qhov twg yog lawv ua?
- Petrochemical (refining) kev lag luam.
- Tshwj xeeb cov nroj tsuag rau zus tau tej cov polymeric cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov khoom ntawm lawv.
Qhov no yog lub ntsiab hauv paus uas tau (tsim) polymeric cov ntaub ntawv.
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