Faj tim teb chaws style ntawm architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 thiab niaj hnub. Piv txwv ntawm cov vaj tse, cov duab

Nyob rau hauv thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm lub puas tawm xyoo los hloov classicism tuaj ib tug tshiab kev coj nyob rau hauv kos duab thiab architecture - teb chaws Ottoman. Lub architecture pib tshwm nws cov yam ntxwv cwj pwm - ib tug monumental massiveness nrog exquisite hniav ntsiab. Faj tim teb chaws style originated thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Napoleon. Hos ib txhia ntseeg hais tias qhov no yog cov kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv kos duab thiab architecture ntawm lub vos thiab xwb, nws yog, tiam sis, tso siab rau lub artistic cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm Greek archaism thiab Imperial lub nroog Loos, nqus tawm lub hwj chim thiab greatness ntawm lub pretentious tab sis zoo nkauj hais, whereas nws cov thawj - classicism - tau teem, mas nyob rau hauv cov mos mos thiab harmonious ntsiab.

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov style

Faj tim teb chaws style nyob rau hauv architecture - ib tug triumphal koov, lub loj heev portico nrog txhua, ib tug loj cov tub rog cim - laurel wreaths .. Armor, eagles, etc. Tag nrho cov ntsiab tsis feem xyuam rau txoj kev xav, tab sis, theej, nyob rau hauv pej xeem ntawm cov neeg. Qhov no yog dab tsi yog manifested nyob rau hauv lub solemnity thiab magnificence ntawm lub palace interiors, tsim los ntawm Fontaine thiab Percier. Tom qab Napoleon lub phiaj los nqis tes nyob rau hauv Egypt nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman style nyob rau hauv architecture pib tau qhia undifferentiated dav hlau phab ntsa thiab pylons, stylized sphinxes. Rau lub sij hawm no, tus yam ntxwv feature yog hais tias lub Egyptian kev lig kev cai ua ke nrog Roman organically txaus tsis tas yuav mus rau deb nyob rau hauv tej yam eclecticism. Historicism - lwm feature uas distinguishes lub teb chaws Ottoman style ntawm architecture, uas qhia ntau txog kev qhov txuas nrog lub grandeur ntawm lub ancient emperors.

style ideology

Txhav ideological orientation txwv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov style thiab yog vim li cas hais tias muaj ntau States tsis tau txais nws raws li "imperialism" tau ua ib tug quab yuam implanted los ntawm Napoleon thaum lub sij hawm nws conquests. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Austria tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm cov kev taw qhia ntawm "Biedermeier", tej siv faj tim teb chaws motifs, tab sis tawm tsam nws tus kheej rau nws. Hauv As Kiv teb muaj ib lub "style ntawm George IV», tej zaum hu ua "British imperial."

Imperial Lavxias teb sab style

Cov tib lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv uas lub teb chaws Ottoman style nyob rau hauv architecture, thiab tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nws, twb tsim, muaj ib Russia. Qhov no yog piav los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nws twb tau mus ua txhaum lub hwj chim ntawm Napoleon, thiab yog li ntawd no nws tau tau nws tus kheej yus nta. Nws yog softer thiab ntau pliable. Lub txwv zeej txwv koob lub teb chaws Ottoman style nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg architecture yog Rossi - Lavxias teb sab-Italian kws kes duab vajtse, muaj kev tswj kom du nws coldness thiab rigidity. Lwm lub npe hu kes duab vajtse nyob rau hauv no cov kev taw qhia yog Stasov. Raws li kws txawj, nws cov cim muaj "Moscow faj tim teb chaws" nyob rau hauv cov style uas nyob deb nroog Estates, uas tseem hu ua lub capital classicism.

Tiav ntawm lub Classical lub sij hawm

Lub qhov chaw ntawm kev tshoov siab rau tswv yim architects tau ua Art ntawm Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub qub lub sij hawm thiab lub Roman faj tim teb chaws ntawm lub caij lub sij hawm, nrog rau lub kab lis kev cai ntawm Etruria, ancient tim lyiv teb chaws thiab lwm yam civilizations. Yas tswv yim ntawm ancient Iyiv architecture, undifferentiated loj phab ntsa chaw loj heev txhua thiab ncej, muab clarity rau tag nrho cov ntim ntawm lub geometric neeg, thiab lwm yam - .. Qhov no yog txawv teb chaws Ottoman. Lub architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 tau dhau los ua lub personification ntawm conciseness, monumentality thiab kev kawm tshuav nyiaj li cas thiab symmetry ntawm qhov chaw. Lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm no yog hu ua cov lus sib liam ntawm cov tub rog lub yeeb koob thiab imperial grandeur, DVR los ntawm heev heev cim thiab tej yam tshwm sim.
Nyob rau hauv dai kom zoo ntawm interiors thiab exteriors ntawm vaj tse, rooj tog zaum, raws li zoo raws li lub teeb thiab cov tais diav siv nyob rau hauv ntau cov cim ntawm cov tub rog lub yeeb koob thiab cim borrowed los ntawm lub ancient Roman hniav txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov trophies thiab laurels, announcer ligaments thiab eagles, torches, thiab feem ntau rov qab ua dua tsab ntawv N .

Xws li ib tug kab txawv décor tsuas enhanced lub theatrical cua nyob rau sab hauv. Piv txwv ntawm cov teb chaws Ottoman architecture, raws li kws txawj, yog heev ci tuab qhov ncaj qiv ntawm tej hom thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub hom phiaj lub ntiaj teb no ntawm antiquity. Piv txwv li, ib tug suitably lub tsev thiab dai kom zoo nkauj los ntawm triumphal arches thiab memorial obelisks.

Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm zoo thiab subtlety

Nrog lub advent ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman art nws yog loj thiab ntau monumental. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, yuav hloov tau ua kom zoo zoo subtleties nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm Louis XVI los ntev rationality nrog lub me hwj chim thiab txawm pathos. Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev rau siab ntawm lub bourgeoisie, lub yeej thiab tso tseg lub "muaj koob muaj npe" kev taw qhia, xyaum lub neej, los yog kev ua ntawm lub ancient Loos muaj ntau theatrical thiab showy. Nyob rau hauv ib co European lub teb chaws lub aristocracy nrog lub loj bourgeoisie, uas Fabkis classicism ntawm Louis XVI nyuam qhuav tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug luag hauj lwm qauv, pib tab neeg ua raws li cov imperial style. Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Paris dua los ntawm qhov chaw sib txawv sib sau ua heev heev nyuab thiab architects uas tau raug xaiv los ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no tshiab style. Lub teb chaws Ottoman architecture, piv txwv uas vaj tse tsis zoo li ib tug "sau" classicism, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau yav tas los tiam sis muaj txaus cosmopolitan cim, uas excludes los ntawm virtue ntawm cov kev cai ntawm lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub zos cov tsev kawm ntawv. Txawm li cas los, qhov no tsis tau nres tom qab ib tug tej lub sij hawm cov me nyuam yug ntawm Lavxias teb sab versions ntawm no style.

Saint Petersburg

Qhov no sib nyob rau hauv lub 1810-1830 biennium. pib tshwm nyob rau hauv lub nroog loj ntaus uake. Piv txwv faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg architecture - nws yog zoo-paub Kazan Cathedral thiab cov Admiralty lub tsev, lub Spaso-Preobrazhensky thiab Troitsky cathedrals, Ostrovsky Square thiab cov Arts. Saum toj no lawv ua hauj lwm xws tseem ceeb architects li K. I. Rossi thiab A. Voronikhin, JB Thomas de Thomon thiab A. D. Zaharov, V. P. Stasov thiab lwm tus neeg.

Externally, lub Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub architecture, piv txwv uas vaj tse cia li khiav ri thoob plaws sab qaum teb capital, ciav feem ntau siv classical kev cai-systems, tsis tsuas Tuscan thiab Doric. Ua raws li cov era ntawm Alexander classicism tshwm lub siab xav rau nqaij, splendor thiab monumentality, ua ke nrog masculinity. Faj tim teb chaws style ntawm architecture, cov duab ntawm cov vaj tse uas ua tim khawv rau nruj symmetry thiab solemnity, nrog rau cov brevity ntawm nws cov ntaub ntawv thiab militaristic symbolism puv npo.

Qhov kawg "chord" ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws

Faj tim teb chaws style nyob rau hauv architecture, piv txwv ntawm cov vaj tse uas uas lub feem ntau nyob rau hauv Russia yuav pom nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, kom meej meej qhia cov mus ob peb vas ntawm lub sij hawm. Lub apotheosis ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev taw qhia yog lub Cathedral St. Ixaj tus Cathedral. Nws ua tau nyob rau hauv 1858, tsim los ntawm Montferrand. Nws prevails nyuaj daim ntawv: ib lub voos xwmfab nrog ib tug square, daim duab peb sab, lub tog raj kheej thiab Parabolic dome, uas, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau ib tug loj loj, lub tsev teev ntuj tau muab ib co ntxiv monumentality thiab tsim lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug muaj hnub nyoog-laus imperial inviolability. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm lub Cathedral ntawm advanced kev daws teeb meem siv tau nyob rau lub sij hawm: ib tug khoom slab phuaj foundation, ua los ntawm masonry, muab pov-hlau tav nyob rau hauv ncaws, txhua ntawm granite monoliths tag nrho. Tawm thiab nplua nuj txheej qhia txog yam tshiab nrog ib tug yeeb yuj tsim.

Sunset "Golden muaj hnub nyoog"

Yog li, lub era ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman style nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm St. Petersburg, framed los ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm ob tug ntawm cov feem ntau grandiose monuments - lub tsev ntawm cov Kazan thiab St. Ixaj tus Cathedral, ua kom tiav rau theem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub nroog, thaum nws tau tsim ntau yam txawv tej hauj lwm ntawm architecture. Txawm li cas los, yog hais tias tus "Golden muaj hnub nyoog" ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, painting thiab suab paj nruag twb cia li pib, lub Lavxias teb sab architecture, nws txawm nta hlo rau ib tug nyob ze.