Lavxias teb sab portrait painters thiab lawv tej hauj lwm

Lavxias teb sab portrait neeg pleev kob nyob rau thaum pib ntawm lub 14th xyoo pua AD. Masters ntawm tus txhuam thaum lub sij hawm uas tsis muaj nyiaj, yog li feem ntau resorted mus rau stylization. Nws yuav tsis tau hu ua surrealism, tab sis cov duab yuav yeej raug kev txom nyem los ntawm ib tug tsis muaj xim rau kev nthuav dav. Tom qab ntawd Lavxias teb sab portrait painters thiab lawv ua hauj lwm tau refocused rau lub npe ntawm lub koom txoos. Painters ntawm lub dawb ceev ntawm qhov pleev xim rau cov phab ntsa thiab ceilings ntawm lub koom txoos thiab cathedrals.

Early portrait kos duab

Lavxias teb sab portrait painters thiab lawv paintings muaj lawv tus kheej yus nta, lawv tau raug lees paub tias - txhua artist twb tsis siv nws tus kheej style ntawm kev ua hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws twb Revered pov thawj thiab parishioners.

Lub brightest neeg sawv cev ntawm lub sij hawm - Andrei Rublev (1370-1428), uas tshuav ib imperishable tej hauj lwm: "Khetos Pantocrator", "thawj tubtxib saum ntuj Michael", "Trinity", "St. Paul" thiab lwm yam masterpieces ntawm icon painting.

Rublev yog ib tug kawm ntawm tus naas ej icon neeg pleev kob Feofan Grek (1340-1410). Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm lawv ua hauj lwm ua ke. Nyob rau hauv lub 90s ntawm lub 14th xyoo pua ntxias pleev xim rau cov Cathedral ntawm lub Annunciation. Lub chaw ua hauj lwm muab kev koom tes thiab lwm yam Lavxias teb sab portrait cov neeg pleev kob. Tus nqi ntawm cov ua hauj lwm tau loj heev. Major icons Deesis theem sau Feofan Grek, ib tug "yaj saub" thiab lub Upper ib feem ntawm lub "forefather" series pleev xim rau los ntawm Andeya Rubleva. Puas tsim nyog ntseeg muaj pov thawj hais tias lawv tau sau los ntawm lub stigma ntawm lub hauv qab kab ntawm loj icons, tsis muaj, tab sis hauv lub tes ntawm ib tug txawj ntse icon neeg pleev kob, pom thiab nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm.

Early masters ntawm portraiture

Thaum pib ntawm lub 14th xyoo pua, roj nqus cov txheej txheem tau zoo dog dig vim cov tsos tonkotertyh xim.

Lavxias teb sab portrait painters ntawm tom qab lub sij hawm:

• Dionisiy (1440-1502), huab tais nyiam Ivan III. Tus huab tais siv los them cov artist pleev xim rau ib co ntawm lub tuam tsev, thiab ces tseg mus xyuas lub icon neeg pleev kob thiab saib cov chaw ua hauj lwm.
• Alexey Zubov (1682-1750) - cov loj tshaj plaws tswv ntawm Lavxias teb sab engraving kos duab ntawm lub ntu ntawm Peter Thawj. Nws ua hauj lwm ua ke nrog nws tus txiv, ib tug zoo heev icon neeg pleev kob Fedorom Zubovym. Ua ke lawv pleev xim rau cov Armory Chamber ntawm lub Moscow Kremlin.
• Nikitin Ivan (1680-1742) - Lavxias teb sab neeg pleev kob, ib tug ntawm cov thawj Lavxias teb sab masters ntawm portraiture, kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe. Nws yog nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw nyob nyob rau hauv lub Peter lub Great. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm ntawm lub artist - portraits ntawm Polish King Lub yim hli ntuj II thiab tus Duke ntawm Mecklenburg.

Lavxias teb sab portrait neeg pleev kob ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua

Master txhuam yav tag los centuries, raws li ib tug txoj cai, koom nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj painting. Txawm li cas los, lub 18th pua yog lub sij hawm ntawm tus me nyuam yug ntawm portrait kos duab nyob rau hauv nws cov purest daim ntawv no, thaum cov neeg pleev qhia rau canvas duab ntawm ib txog tus neeg. Lavxias teb sab portrait cov neeg pleev kob nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub classical lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm fine arts, uas leej tu tub tu kiv ntawm lub finest nthuav dav. Nyob rau hauv portraiture, cov txheej txheem no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws teb paub tab raug cov Executive - mus cuag xws li ib tug duab, li ntawd, hais tias nws ris tau tag nrho txuam rau ntawm cov kos duab style thiab yog tus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Cov ua hauj lwm rau nkawd ua heev laborious thiab lub luag hauj lwm. Cuaj kaum nto moo Lavxias teb sab portrait cov neeg pleev kob txig tiv nrog nws. Orders yog ntau tshaj li txaus, tag nrho cov tsev hais plaub nom tswv cajceg thiab cov mej zeej ntawm ua lag luam guilds vying commissioned portraits ntawm nws tus kheej thiab nws tsev neeg.

Muaj nplua nwj neeg nyiam caw painters mus nws lub tsev, raws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tag nrho tsev neeg yuav saib cov txheej txheem, thiab nws yog suav tias yog zoo daim ntawv. Lavxias teb sab portrait neeg pleev kob siv los mus nyob ib tug muaj nyiaj lub neej, yog li sim kom tau raws li ntau kev txiav txim raws li sai tau. Yog hais tias nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm lub taub hau ntawm tsev neeg cov duab zoo li tag nrho cov neeg hauv lub tsev, cov artist tau txais tom ntej no thiaj li yuav nyob rau hauv tib lub tsev. Yog li, lub Lavxias teb sab portrait cov neeg pleev kob Nws yog nyob rau hauv coob nyob rau hauv high zej zog thiab tsis nyob twj ywm tsis ua hauj lwm. Cov vam meej tshaj plaws ua yeeb twb caw tuaj rau lub muaj koob muaj npe chamber ua ib qho tseem ceeb ua.

Lub heyday ntawm portraiture

Thaum lub kos duab ntawm painting, ib lub sij hawm ntawm lub Renaissance, nyob rau hauv Russia muaj ntau ntau feemxyuam ntxias.

Lavxias teb sab portrait neeg pleev kob ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua:

• Antropov Alexei (1716-1795) - ib tug naas ej Lavxias teb sab portrait neeg pleev kob, koom nyob rau hauv dai kom zoo ntawm lub caij ntuj no Palace nyob rau hauv 1744-m thiab Tsarskoye selo nyob rau hauv 1749. Nyob rau hauv nws kev coj noj coj, qhov nyuab pleev xim rau cov St. Andrew lub Koom Txoos nyob rau hauv Kiev. Txij li thaum 1761 Antropov twb inducted rau hauv Orthodox Synod li cov thawj saib xyuas thaj tsam iconic tej hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab kos duab artist tuaj raws li ib tug txawj ntse portraitist Peter lub sij hawm.
• Borovikovskiy Vladimir (1757-1825) tau yug los nyob rau hauv Mirgorod. Nws los ua nto moo tom qab lub rooj sib tham nrog Catherine II, uas tsav tsheb mus rau lub Crimea nyob rau hauv 1787. Cov artist pleev xim rau ib tug ntawm cov palaces nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm lub Empress, thiab nws tau pom. Catherine hais tias nws admiration thiab Borovykovs'kogo muab nyiaj, uas nws tom qab tau mus rau St. Petersburg.
• Venetsianov Alex (1780-1847) - Lavxias teb sab artist, founder ntawm lub cuab ntxhiab nyob rau ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm portraiture. Nws yog lub npe hu rau nws ua hauj lwm "Portrait ntawm niam", sau nyob rau hauv 1801. Nws kawm kos duab rau ntawm painting los ntawm cov artist Borovikovsky.
• Kiprensky Orest (1782-1836) - ib qho zoo heev artist uas debuted nyob rau hauv 1804 nrog ib tug portrait ntawm A. K. Valbe, uas sau nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm Rembrandt. Nto moo ua hauj lwm "EV Davydov", tsim nyob rau hauv 1809, tau ntxiv dag zog rau lub koob npe nrov ntawm cov artist. Muaj ntau canvases Kiprensky khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub Tretyakov Gallery.
• Tropinin Vasily (1776-1857) - Lavxias teb sab artist, uas ua nto moo tom qab ib tug portrait AS Pushkin commissioned los ntawm cov kws sau paj lug rau nws tus kheej. Cov painting twb npaj rau S. A. Sobolevskogo, ib tug phooj ywg ntawm Alexander. Portrait ua ib tug classic duab ntawm cov poj poet ntawm txhua lub sij hawm.

Portrait kos duab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19

Lavxias teb sab portrait neeg pleev kob ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 - yog ib tug pab pawg neeg ntawm feemxyuam nyuab uas tau muab rau ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm tus tib neeg lub ntsej muag duab. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv:

• Neff Timofey (1805-1876) - ib tug follower ntawm cov kev kawm style nyob rau hauv kos duab, keeb kwm portrait. Nws kawm painting nyob rau Dresden kos duab high school. Nyob rau hauv 1826 nws tau tsiv mus rau St. Petersburg, qhov uas nws tam sim ntawd los ua nto moo los ntawm kev sau ntawv ib tug series ntawm portraits ntawm tib neeg nto moo. Thaum lub 1837th kuv mus rau ib tug ntev kev mus ncig thoob plaws rau Russia kom tau ntsib nrog pej xeem hinterland thiab lub neej ntawm cov neeg. Tom qab rov qab pleev xim rau cov tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub caij ntuj no Palace, tus naas ej "Hmo kawg" Kuv yog cov no tej hauj lwm. Nws tau txais ib tug professorship rau painting ntawm St. Ixaj tus Cathedral, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm los ua tus uas zov lub Hermitage art gallery.
• Zaharov Petr (1816-1846) - Lavxias teb sab portrait neeg pleev kob nrog ib tug yooj yim txoj hmoo. Xyoo-laus tus tub twb pom uas nyob rau hauv lub Chechen zos ntawm Dadi-Yurt. Lavxias teb sab General Yermolov coj tus me nyuam nyob rau hauv niam qhuav txiv qhuav. Noticing tus muaj peev xwm mus rau kos nws saws tus tub, nws tau muab me ntsis Petya kev cob qhia rau cov portrait neeg pleev kob Lvu Volkovu. Nyob rau hauv 1836 Zakharov kawm tiav los ntawm lub chav kawm ntawm lub Academy of Arts thiab tau txais lub npe ntawm ib tug dawb artist.
• Makarov Ivan (1822-1897) - Lavxias teb sab neeg pleev kob, rau ib ntev lub tswv yim lub neej sau ntau paintings. Nws tej hauj lwm, thiab portraits, xws li los ntawm lawv nyob rau txawv sij hawm, yog nyob rau hauv lub Tretyakov Gallery, lub Lavxias teb sab tsev cia puav pheej, lub Academy ntawm Fine Arts thiab exhibition halls thoob plaws Russia. Nyob rau hauv 1844, Makarov tsiv mus rau St. Petersburg, qhov twg nws yeej paub ntawm lub nroog loj cov pej xeem.

Neeg pleev kob-portraitist Tyranov

Lavxias teb sab portraitist (1808-1859), yog koom nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm icon-painting. Nyob rau hauv 1824, nws tau ntsib nrog rau cov artist Venetsianov, uas pom tau tias tus tub hluas nyob rau hauv nws lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm painting, thiab thaum nws kawm tiav, muab Tyranova ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv nyob rau Art Academy. Lub ntxiv txoj hmoo ntawm cov tub ntxhais cov neeg pleev kob tau tsim ntse, nws tau txais ib tug me me kub puav pheej los ntawm cov Academy nyob rau hauv 1836, los ua ib tug apprentice ntawm lub venerable Karl Briullov. Rau nws ua hauj lwm "Hluas nkauj nrog ib tug tambourine," nws twb pom lub npe ntawm academician. Thaum nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos, nws sau tau nws loj paintings: "Hluas nkauj, nyem cov dej tawm ntawm cov plaub hau," "Angel nrog ceg txiv", "Leej niam ntawm Mauxes nyob rau hauv Nile." Ces, rau nws rov qab mus rau St. Petersburg artist, cov artist raug kev txom nyem ib tug series ntawm misfortunes, thiab nws los ua ib tug neeg thov khawv. Kuv pom lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm nws tus tij laug nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Kashin. Muaj Tyranov thiab tuag nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm 51 xyoo.

Unmatched khoom portrait

Zaryanko Sergei (1818-1870) - tus neeg zoo tshaj Lavxias teb sab portraitist, nto moo rau nws indescribable ua si ntawm lub teeb thiab duab ntxoov ntxoo nyob rau hauv nws canvases. cov artist tus txheej txheem yog li ntawd cov lus hais tias cov sab hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm tus neeg xwm li nyob rau hauv lub hom ntaub khov heev, raws li yog hais poob nyob rau hauv ib tug wealth ntawm ntxoov thiab tones. Tag nrho cov Zaryanko sau txog ib puas portraits, feem ntau ntawm uas muaj nplooj siab rau huab tais, nws tsev neeg thiab siab tsev hais plaub nobility.

Cov thwj tim ntawm tus tswv

Zhodeyko Leonid (1827-1879) - Lavxias teb sab portrait-neeg pleev kob, ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm lub Moscow thiab St. Petersburg artist Zaryanko Markov xib hwb ntawm cov Academy of Arts. Nws pleev xim rau feem ntau portraits ntawm cov poj niam. Nws tau txais lub npe ntawm academician rau cov painting "Hluas nkauj rau ntxuav". Nws yog ib tug tsis tu ncua koom tes ntawm txhua xyoo exhibition, nyob rau hauv cov auspices ntawm lub Academy ntawm Fine Arts ntawm St. Petersburg.

Artist ua txoj style

Kramskoy Ivan Nikolaevich (1837-1887) - ib qho zoo heev tus tswv ntawm portraiture, kev cai dab qhuas murals, ib hom ntawv nyeem daim duab. Sau ntawm paintings depicting nto moo sau ntawv, ua yeeb yam, lam, ntawm lawv yog: L. N. Tolstoy (1883 th), KUV Saltykov-Shchedrin (1879 th), I. I. Shishkin (1873 th), S. P. Botkin (1880 th), P. M. Tretyakov (1876 th).

lub neej artist nyob philosophical thiab ua txoj subtext nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hnov nyob rau hauv lub portrait paintings: "Unknown", "NA Nekrasov," "Inconsolable kev tu siab", uas tau raug tsim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1877 mus 1884. Cov masterpieces yog nyob rau hauv lub Tretyakov Gallery.

Artistic portraits nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th

Lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua yog ib tug nyuaj lub sij hawm rau Russia. Nom tswv upheaval, ob ntshav kev tsov kev rog tshuav lawv tus cim rau lub teb chaws txoj kev loj hlob. Tsis tau daim duab yog tseem ciaj sia, nyob rau hauv lub postwar xyoo twb revived paintings, xws li ib tug portrait. Ntxias tau ob peb, tab sis tag nrho lawv dhau ib tug zoo lub tsev kawm ntawv.

Lavxias teb sab nyuab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th portraitists:

• Engels Kozlov - Soviet portrait neeg pleev kob, yug nyob rau hauv 1926, kawm tiav los ntawm lub Yaroslavl Art School, ces cuv npe kawm nyob rau hauv ib chav kawm ntawm painting Repin Leningrad lub koom haum. Nyob rau hauv 1956, lub Commission hais nws kawm tiav thesis "Yuav nyob!" Nws yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub Union ntawm Artists txij thaum 1957. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm creativity Kozlov - portraits ntawm contemporaries.
• Lomakin Oleg - ib tug portrait-neeg pleev kob ntawm lub Soviet lub sij hawm, tau yug los nyob rau hauv 1924. Nws koom nyob rau hauv lub Leningrad kos duab lub tsev kawm ntawv, ces - nyob rau hauv lub All-Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Arts. Nyob rau hauv 1942 nws tau nais tau sau tseg rau hauv lub Red Army, tiv thaiv ntawm Kursk, uas twb zoo heev raug mob thiab tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov tub rog Qib. Portraits, pleev xim rau los ntawm cov artist, tshaaj ntawm cov miv txij thaum 1952.
• Nevelshtein Xamuyee (1904-1983) - ib tug portrait-neeg pleev kob, kawm tiav VHUTEMAS. Nyob rau account ntawm lub artist lub ob peb lub kaum os tej hauj lwm. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm creativity Nevelshtein twb portraits ntawm nws lub contemporaries. Portraitist muaj tsib solo miv, lawv twb muaj nyob rau hauv Leningrad, thawj qhia tau tias muaj nyob rau hauv 1944.
• Oreshnikov Viktor (1904-1987) - Soviet neeg pleev kob thiab portraitist. Neeg 's Artist ntawm lub Soviet Union, khiav ntawm ob Stalin Prizes. Nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm dominating kawm rau tau nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag, thiab portraits ntawm nws lub contemporaries.
• Shilov Aleksandr - Lavxias teb sab portrait-neeg pleev kob, yug nyob rau hauv 1943. Creator ntawm cim portraits ntawm cov keeb kwm orientation. Rau siab koom tes nrog rau cov pej xeem lub neej, ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub Public Council nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab President.

Nto moo ntxias ntawm lub portrait ib hom ntawv nyeem

Rau puas xyoo tau dhau mus lawm txij li thaum lub tsos ntawm pictorial kos duab, ob peb tiam ntxias. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus painters twb hais, muaj ntau ntau lwm yam masters.

Leej twg yog cov uas lawv - Lavxias teb sab portrait neeg pleev kob? Sau lawv yog ntxaws hauv qab no.

18th xyoo pua:

• Musikiyskiy Grigoriy Semenovich, lub tsev hais plaub portrait cov neeg pleev kob.
• Gzel Georg, ib tug Swiss neeg pleev kob uas tau ntev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Russia.
• Nikitin Ivan Nikitich, lub tsev hais plaub cov neeg pleev kob.
• Vishnyakov Ivan Yakovlevich, portraitist ntawm lub aristocracy.
• Kolokolnikov Mina Lukic, av artist.
• Matveev Andrey Matveyevich tsev hais plaub portraitist.

Xyoo pua puv 19:

• Ugryumov Grigoriy Ivanovich, lub neeg pluag neeg pleev kob.
• Ivanov Andrey Ivanovich, noble portrait-cov neeg pleev kob.
• Orlovsky, Aleksandr Osipovich artist nobility.
• Sokolov Peter Fedorovich, portraitist rau lub aristocracy.