Piv txwv ntawm cov tshuab sib txawv. Thawj cov piv txwv ntawm tshiab architecture

Ntiaj teb architecture tsim nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tseem ceeb. Thaj pej xeem vaj tse ntsia heev coj tus, thaum lub sij hawm lub tuam tsev ntaus nws lub me hwj chim. Nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog lub tsev teev ntuj muaj loj txhais tau hais tias lub siab txiv plig tau txais los ntawm lub xeev, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov nyiaj pub dawb ntawm cov neeg tuaj mus rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj tso nyiaj. Nrog rau qhov no nyiaj, thiab lub koom txoos tau ua tag nrho cov tshaj Russia. Piv txwv ntawm civil architecture ntawm lub sij hawm uas tshuav npaum li cas yuav tsum tau kawm. Txawm li cas los, txij li thaum lub 18th caug xyoo, lub teeb meem no hloov radically. Churches thiab cathedrals tau ua twb tsis pub khoom kim heev, tab sis lub tsaws Estates, tus huab tais lub teb chaws lub tsev nyob thiab txawm vaj tse nyob rau hauv noble mus yos hav zoov chaw ho ntxiv rau cov kev cai thiab kev zoo nkauj. Style tsev, lub architecture ntawm vaj tse, kev thiab squares tau tu ncua lawm. Architects suav hais tias yog feem ntau fwm neeg.

Early Gothic style

Cim piv txwv ntawm ancient architecture - ib tug lub tsev teev ntuj, uas tau ua los ntawm lub mid xyoo pua 12th nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb cheeb tsam ntawm Fabkis. Qhov loj tshaj plaws Gothic lub tsev teev ntuj twb ua nyob rau hauv Amiens, nyob rau hauv 1220. Tom qab ntawd tib yam Gothic lub tsev teev ntuj los ua nyob rau hauv lub German nroog ntawm Cologne, nws siv tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv 1248.

Nyob rau hauv thaum uas tig mus nrog cov Gothic nyob rau hauv lub 12th - 14th centuries tsim thiab Romanesque architecture nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog. Italian architects rau tebchaws ib lub tsev nrog phab ntsa zoo kawg thickness, lub tsev yog es zoo li ib tug fortress. Piv txwv ntawm Romanesque architecture - ib tug kev tsim kho li cov tub rog tiv thaiv. Lub sab theem tau tshwj xeeb muaj zog, yuav tsum muaj, thib ob pem teb muaj yees thiab turrets, puag ncig thiab lub nyob rau hauv txoj kev npaj, loj thiab me me. Tag nrho cov yees twb nqaim, siab qhov rais, zoo li tus zoo li Battlements. Romanesque architecture nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog mus txog rau nws lub sij hawm. Warring tsab xeem lis jousting yuav tsum tau yuav tsis tau zoo suited rau zoo tiv thaiv los ntawm cov raids ntawm tus yeeb ncuab, thiab cov tsev neeg tsev fuabtais fortresses rau lub hom phiaj no.

ancient architecture

Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, ib tug ntau ntawm cov xim tau them mus rau kev tsim kho ntawm pej xeem vaj tse. Cov no yog neeg pej xeem nrog tsev tsim los rau cov koom haum ntawm loj qhia tau hais tias. Roman lub rooj sab laj, tsim los rau kaum tawm txhiab tus neeg saib, cov ancient Greek tam sim no, yog ib tug lossis loj qhib cheeb tsam uas muaj cov neeg nyob rau txhua hnub, craftsmen thiab tub txawj tub ntse. Lub architecture ntawm ancient tim lyiv teb chaws twb ho sib txawv los ntawm lub Roman, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, hais tias cov Egyptians yeej tsis muaj neeg coob coob txhiab sau nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw. Iyiv keeb kwm yog rooted nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th BC, thaum lub architecture yog ntawm ib tug zwj ceeb xwm. Vaj tse los ua lub tsev ntawm limestone thiab liab ci av nplaum. Hais txog yeej tsis muaj dab tsi twb paub mus rau lub ancient Egyptians twb tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog styling lawv vaj tse thiab yuav ua li cas los tsim kom tau tsev ntau dua kom tsis txhob dej nyab los ntawm cov dej nyab los ntawm cov Nile.

warrants

Lub architecture ntawm ancient Greek yog rau feem ntau yog ib feem teem rau kev tsim kho ntawm lub tuam tsev vaj tse, ib co kev uas tau mus txog peb lub sij hawm. Maj mam nws los ua khees ob peb architectural yeej:

• Doric - nta ib tug yooj yim, haib ntaub ntawv, txawm ib txhia ntawm lawv heavy-handedness. Txhua Doric yog rau ntawm qhov chaw raj nplaim, sib sib zog nqus grooves, extending los ntawm lub qis puag rau lub capitals. Cov kab rov tav kab rau Doric - qhov no architrave, uas txuas sab mus rau theem ntawm cov abacus, sab saum toj extends Frieze muaj ob khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg - triglyphs thiab metopes. Tag nrho ua ke daim ntawv entablement uas surmounts gezimsom, Cornice muaj teeb meem loj tawm sab nraud protrusion.

• Ionic thiaj - piv rau lub ponderous Doric txawv proportions yooj yim. Lub ntsiab kos npe rau ntawm teej tug mus rau lub Ionic thiaj yog lub peev ntawm sab-zoo li tus ob volute tswj curls down. Ionic thiaj yog suav tias yog ib qho architectural hais txog poj niam style, raws li nws ua neeg dawb huv thiab ntxiv decorations. Muaj kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua VI BC, nyob rau hauv Ionia, nyob rau hauv qaum teb hnub poob ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub hiav txwv Aegean. Ib puas xyoo tom qab, nws kis thoob plaws ancient Greece. Lub ntsiab lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub Ionic style - nws yog ib lub tuam tsev ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam Hera rau cov kob ntawm Samos, ua nyob rau hauv 570 U.Nt.Y. thiab sai puas los ntawm qhov av qeeg. Thiab feem ntau stylish lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub Ionic thiaj yog lub tuam tsev uas Artemis ntawm Ephesus - ib qho ntawm lub "Xya kev xav ntawm lub ntiaj teb."

• Corinthian thiaj - lub feem ntau tsis ntev los no, sib txawv los ntawm lwm yam tshwj xeeb lub me hwj chim. Txhua nyob rau hauv cov duab thiab cov entablature li tsos mob ntawm tus Ionic kev txiav txim, tab sis cov abacus thiab lub peev yog heev txawv. Corinthian style tag nrho ntawm cov hniav, nws capitals tam sim no floral designs on ncig yog ob kab ntawm acanthus nplooj. Capital kuj adorns ntau Lily volyutok.

"Palladianstva"

Early 18th century twb cim los ntawm tus rov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshiab qauv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no kab lis kev cai - classicism. Tsis tu ncua zoo, ntshiab projection thiab proportions - cov no twb lub ntsiab txheej xwm ntawm architectural classicism. Ib tug ncaj ncees raws lub ancient style ntawm lub tuam tsev architecture, lub Venetian tswv Palladio nrog tus menyuam kawm ntawv Scamozzi substantiate nws kev tshawb xav ntawm ancient classicism. Cov lus qhuab qhia tau raug hu ua "palladianstva" thiab los ua lug siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm ntiag tug tsev. Style "classicism" nyob rau hauv architecture muaj pov thawj yuav tsum tau technologically advanced thiab cov neeg siv-phooj ywg nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev tsim thiab kev siv ntawm tej vaj tse.

Sunset architecture "Baroque"

Raws li nws muab tawm, tus nqi ntawm lub tsev tsa nyob rau hauv lub tshiab style, yog ho qis. Vaj tse txawv brevity, "whipped qab zib" Lig Baroque tshaj plaws ntawm yav dhau los, nrog nws cov symmetrical classicism-axial muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab noble khi ntawm kho kom zoo nkauj yog muaj kiv cua. European connoisseurs ntawm architectural masterpieces twb npaj txhij mus tso tseg lub baroque thiab rococo nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm tus Chamber, nrog sau ntawv ntawm kev kawm ntawv, kev kawm thiab elegant classicism.

Ib txhij, ob peb lub tsev nyob tau ua nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm Andrea Palladio, nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm uas yog tus palace ntawm "Rotonda" nyob ze Vicenza. Style "classicism" mus sai sai tau chaw nyob rau hauv architecture. Paris yog lus flooded nrog rau cov kev siv. Nyob rau hauv Louis XV tsa tag nrho architectural ceg, xws li ib tug Concorde. Thiab thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Louis XVI "laconic classicism" nws tau los ua ib tug loj sib nyob rau hauv nroog architecture. Tom qab lub tua ntawm lub Fabkis King thiab lub overthrow ntawm lub monarchy nyob rau hauv 1793 nyob rau hauv Paris rau ib ntev lub sij hawm los ua tau across thiab inconsistently.

Lub architectural style ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman

Nyob rau hauv lub lig 18th xyoo pua classicism pib tsis kam ua, yuav tsum tau kev kho ntawm lub tag nrho kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv dav dav thiab architecture raws li nws cov kev tivthaiv qhov chaw.

Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm classicism tuaj ib tug tshiab style nyob rau hauv kos duab thiab architecture, hu ua faj tim teb chaws, uas originated thiab yog tsim nyob rau hauv Fabkis, thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Napoleon I. Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshiab qauv yog vim nyob rau hauv tsis muaj me me ib feem mus rau nom tswv yog vim li cas. Tsoom fwv ntawm Napoleon Bonaparte sim kom nws tus kheej thiaj li hu ua "imperial" style ntawm architecture, thaum nws los ua tseeb tias classicism yuav tuaj rau ib tug nyob ze. Yuav ua li cas tseem ceeb thiab pompous faj tim teb chaws thiab tag nrho lwm tus yeej ntawm 19th xyoo pua architecture fits txig rau hauv lub palace agglomerates, tab sis qhia ntau txog yog tseem nyob rau "muaj koob muaj npe" kev taw qhia.

Nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws architecture nyob thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Alexander kuv, leej twg muab siab npuab lub Fabkis kab lis kev cai thiab xav tias nws tsim nyog ntawm emulation. Tsis muaj lub zem huab tais caw kes duab vajtse los ntawm Fabkis, Auguste Montferrand, rau qhov erection ntawm tus naas ej St. Ixaj tus Cathedral. Style nyob rau hauv architecture - lub teb chaws Ottoman - yog tsis niaj hnub nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv no, nws tau muab faib mus rau hauv lub St. Petersburg thiab Moscow thiab lasted kom txog thaum lub nruab nrab-xyoo pua puv 19. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus St. Ixaj tus Cathedral, ua nyob rau hauv 1858, nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg muaj lwm masterpiece nyob rau hauv lub "muaj koob muaj npe" style yog lub Kazan Cathedral Andrei Voronikhin, thiab nyob rau hauv Moscow "Triumphal koov". Lavxias teb sab style nyob rau hauv architecture Faj tim teb chaws - ib tug peb caug-xyoo lub sij hawm, qhov kev siv ntawm txoj masterpieces.

Architectural attractions ntawm St. Petersburg

Ib qho ntawm feem tseem ceeb lub zos nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm architectural tseem ceeb yog lub nroog ntawm St. Petersburg, lub sab qaum teb Capital ntawm Russia. Vim lub laaj ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab Western European nroog npaj kev nyob rau hauv lub XVIII - XIX centuries, nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, ib tug tshwj xeeb conglomerate yog tsim los pab. Lub nroog yog sawv cev los ntawm kaum tsib txawv architectural yeej, harmonious polyphony uas tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb daim duab ntawm lub reunion ntawm ob peb keeb kwm sij hawm rau ib tug. Ib thaj tsam ntawm epochs yog tsis kom meej meej cim, "qhov muag plooj", tab sis tag nrho cov cim ntawm yav dhau los yog tam sim no.

Petersburg architecture muaj xws li yim qhov chaw uas yog hom:

• Baroque "Peter", thaum pib ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua;
• Baroque "Elizabeth", rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua;
• Gothic, lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 18th xyoo pua;
• classicism, qhov kawg ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua;
• Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman, thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo;
• Renaissance, rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19;
• eclectic, lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo;
• Art Nouveau, thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua;

Peter tus baroque - ib tug hloov dua siab tshiab Italian thiab Fabkis Baroque. Ob peb Artsy style twb txais tos los ntawm Peter kuv thiab nws entourage. Txawm li cas los, lub sij hawm uas tus heyday ntawm Baroque, yog nyob tsis tswm, heev heev kev tsov kev rog ravaged nyiaj. Siv cov kev faib tshiab vaj tse underfinanced, thiab nws muaj ib tug tej yam nyob rau hauv lawv cov zoo. Lub Baroque style twb xaiv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub facades, accentuated lub ntsiab nta ntawm lub architectural tiam sis: lub pediments, Pilasters nrog volutes, cov kub tse rau lub ru tsev. Lub interiors twb kos rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub suite, nws ho cov nqi ntawm kev tsim kho. Petrine Baroque yeej nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg los ntawm 1703 mus 1740, tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus huab tais nyob rau hauv 1725 kev ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv cog lus rau European architects tsis yeem, tab sis ua hauj lwm txuas ntxiv rau lwm 15 xyoo.

Leej twg tau nce lub zwm txwv nyob rau hauv 1741 tus ntxhais ntawm Peter kuv Elizabeth nrhiav kom ua kom nyob ua ke hauv plawv lub hwj chim, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog tsis muaj Hmoob mus khoom kim heev, splendor, sumptuous kev noj kev haus thiab cov khoom. Lub architecture ntawm nroog sprawl thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Elizabeth ua traceable pomposity thiab pretentiousness, yog li ntawd nws tus kheej cia li sawv style "Elizabethan baroque". Lub ntsiab kes duab vajtse ntawm lub sij hawm yog Bartolomeo Rastrelli, uas tau tsim ib tug masterpiece ntawm architecture ntawm lub ntiaj teb tseem ceeb - lub caij ntuj no Palace, nyob rau hauv lub Palace Square, uas yog tseem paub lub "Hermitage" raws li ib tug tsev cia puav pheej.

Daim ntawv teev cov ntawm architecture, tsa thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Elizabeth lub baroque:

• Anichkov Palace (1741 - 1753).
• Lub caij ntuj sov Dvorets Elizavety (1741 - 1744), tsis tau fwm.
• Grand Peterhof Palace (1745 - 1762).
• Ekateringofsky Palace (1747 - 1750), tsis tau fwm.
• Smolny Cathedral, ua nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg (1748 - 1754).
• Vorontsov Palace, St. Petersburg (1749 - 1757).
• Travelling Palace nyob rau Central Hneev roj hmab (1751 - 1754), tsis tau fwm.
• Lub Catherine Palace nyob rau hauv Tsarskoye selo (1752 - 1758).
• Stroganov Palace, Nevsky Prospect (1753 - 1754).
• Nicholas-Epiphany Naval Cathedral (1753 - 1762).
• Tsev Shuvalov rau lub Italian txoj kev (1753 - 1755).
• Lub caij ntuj no Palace (1754 - 1762).
• Tsev loj Yakovleva (1762 - 1766), tsis tau fwm.

Gothic nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg

Lub nroog nyob rau Neva yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau nws lub zos nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv uas lub kab lis kev cai yog li ntawd ntau haiv neeg. Gothic architecture nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv 1777, nws yog Chesma Palace thiab Chesma lub Koom Txoos. Raws li yog cov ntaub ntawv nrog lub "Peter lub baroque", cov lug tsis siab raws li cov style. Gothic ntsiab zog raws li ib tug sab nraud tshuaj - facades, arches, ntau yam turret, siab kub tse. Cov Kabmob lug ntawm vaj tse tau siv ib tug simplified tswvyim. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws yog pseudo, txawm li cas los nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov pawg ntseeg thiab secular vaj tse tau ua.

Lub architectural style ntawm "classicism" tau raug tsim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1760 mus rau lub xyoo 1780. Petersburg thaum lub sij hawm yog npaj txhij rau kev hloov. Building, ua nyob rau hauv lub classical style, haum txig rau hauv lub nroog toj roob hauv pes. Cov qhov tseem tseem ceeb vaj tse yog cov nram qab no:

• "Imperial Academy ntawm Fine Arts", ua rau Vasilevsky Island nyob rau hauv 1764 -1788 xyoo.
• Yusupov Palace (1771-1773).
• Lub Dai vaj ntawm lub Me Hermitage (1764-1775).
• Armenian Koom Txoos (1771-1776).
• Marble Palace (1768-1785)
• Tauride Palace (1783-1789).
• Mining koom haum ntawm lub Empress Catherine (1806-1808).

Classicism yog tus forerunner ntawm kev mus saib xyuas St. Petersburg ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman. Cov kev hloov ntawm cov kev taw qhia tau tshwm sim unnoticed. Thaum lub architectural style ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman yog nyob rau hauv coob nyob rau hauv Fabkis raws li ib feem ntawm cov ceev ceev hloov noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Nws thaws rov los lub ambitions ntawm Napoleon thiab los ua ib lub cim txog lub neej tshiab rau Fabkis. Ib tug Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws hloov lub classicism, tsis muaj dab tsi ntau. Petersburg architecture tsim los ntawm nws tus kheej cov kev cai. Ib tug tseem ceeb feem rau nws tsim muaj ib tug Fabkis txoj kab lis kev cai.

Architecture & Photography

Siv cov kev faib ntawm thaj thiab sacral, manor tsev thiab lub koom txoos, cov tsev loj cuj thiab chaw ua hauj lwm nyob rau lub tsev. Tej qauv uas yog yam rau pej xeem lub neej yog muaj architectural nta. Ib txhia ntawm cov tsev twb ua nyob rau hauv nruj raws li lub loog ntawm lub tsev kev cai, cov kws kes duab vajtse feem ntau muaj kev tswj kom tau impressive tau. Masterpieces ntawm daim duab uas architectural tau npaj, vim hais tias cov duab tsis tau ua ib ke. Diam duab kos duab emerged thiab pib tsim xwb nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo. Txawm li cas los, tsis tam sim ntawd tau hloov cov duab nyob rau hauv cov kev yees duab. Architecture - yog ib txwm ib tug es complex daim duab, nrog ntau ntxoov thiab tones thiab lub cev tsis tau muab lawv cov daguerreotype, nyob rau lub phaj tau txais xwb tiaj chaw nrog kev hloov maj mam nkhaus. Thiab qhov nyuab txuas ntxiv mus kos.

Tab sis lub xyoo dhau lawm, zoo li daim duab, thiab ces tuaj lub caij thaum tej lub tsev no yog ua tau mus yees duab. Architecture, aptly classic, yog "khov music", thiab ntau yuav nyiam cov suab paj nruag khaws tseg rau lub cim xeeb nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov duab. Cov neeg nyiag tiv thaiv lub keeb kwm ntawm lawv lub tsev los yog sim thim nyob ze ib co nto moo vaj tse. Txawv yeej ntawm architecture, uas cov duab muaj ib lub tsev xam tau tias yog zoo daim ntawv no, los ua nrov. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov hnub ntawm photography, feem ntau cov duab twb yog tsev neeg, los yog nrog cov dluab ntawm tej tsev.

Yeej architecture piv txwv

Piv txwv ntawm architectural ntau yam ntawm yeej, txhua yam uas lawv muaj tej yam nta uas characterize lub cheeb tsam, ib tug raug cov tswv cuab thiab lub sij hawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv uas lub tuam tsev no yog lub tsev.

Nyias, nto moo tshaj plaws yeej ntawm architecture yuav muab pob zeb ua piv txwv:

• Faj tim teb chaws - "Koov ntawm lub General neeg ua hauj lwm" nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg lub Palace Square (1819 - 1829), kws kes duab vajtse Carlo Rossi;
• classicism - "Trinity Cathedral nyob rau hauv Alexander Nevsky Monastery" (1776 - 1790), kes duab lub vajtse ntawm cov laus. St. Petersburg;
• Gothic - "Sevastyanov tsev" (1863 - 1866), kws kes duab vajtse, qaug dabpeg, Ekaterinburg;
• Baroque - "Stroganov Palace" nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, nyob rau hauv Nevsky Prospect (1752 - 1754), kws kes duab vajtse Rastrelli;
• Renaissance - Lub Cathedral "Santa Maria del Fiore" nyob rau hauv Florence (1417 - 1436), kws kes duab vajtse Brunelleschi;
• Nouveau - "Lub tsev ntawm cov Singer" nyob rau hauv St. Petereburge (1902 - 1904), kws kes duab vajtse Suzor.

Piv txwv ntawm architecture ua tim khawv rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau yam lwm yam tiam dhau ib tiam.

Thawj cov piv txwv ntawm hnub no lub architecture

Niaj hnub no, lub ntiaj teb no muaj txaus muaj tswv yim architects uas nrog ultramodern designs. Lwm yam tej yaam num yog purely utilitarian cim, tab sis muaj cov neeg uas yuav tsum tau hu ua thawj. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Nyiv, nyob rau hauv Vogue nyob rau hauv tsev rau cov khoom. Raws li lub teb chaws ntawm lub tshav microscopic yog ib qho av qeeg, lub Japanese architects pib qhov chaw kawm lub tsev nyob rau loj khoom ua los ntawm heev check cov ntaub ntawv uas. Yog li, thaum lub sij hawm ntawm qhov av qeeg tsev cia li pib mus ua viav vias, hloov mus hloov los aftershocks yuav tsis ua tej yam kev tsim txom rau nws.

Muaj thawj vaj tse, uas yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm muaj tswv yim tsim lub tswv yim. Lub npe nrov Mev nroog ntawm Barcelona, uas yog rightly ranked thawj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj uas yog thawj vaj tse, lub architects tau tsim lwm masterpiece. Qhov no tsev, flipped "upside down". Tus qauv sawv nyob rau hauv ru tsev thiab nws txawv Haum tourists.