Bronze - ib tug hlau muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm bronze

Muaj coob tus neeg paub txog cov kev bronze yog hais tias nws yog ntiab tawm ntawm sculptures thiab monuments. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub hlau deprived neeg cov xim tibneeg tshaj plaws li. Tsis nyob rau hauv vain nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm noob neej yog txawm Bronze Hnub Nyoog - ib tug tag nrho era, thaum lub sij hawm uas lub alloy tau tuav ib tug tseem ceeb txoj hauj lwm. Qhov no yog ib qhov ob peb cov ntaub ntawv uas yog siv ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv kev lag luam thiab nyob rau hauv lub arts. Qualities muaj los ntawm alloy ntawm tooj liab thiab tin yog pawg indispensable nyob rau hauv ntau industries. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua cov phom, tshuab lub tsev, los ntawm txhaj tshuaj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj neeb, thiab hais txog. Yog li muaj hnub no ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov hlau qhab nia, txhua tus uas muaj ib tug tej yam pre-qauv zog.

Kev siv cov bronze kawg

Tus thawj mention ntawm ib tug hlau ntawm tooj liab thiab tin yog sau hnub tim IV txhiab BC. Nws yog ib qhov hauj txhob, raws li historians, cia civilization ntawm Mesopotamia saib ib pliag ib tug leading txoj hauj lwm. Archaeological excavations nqa tawm nyob rau hauv yav qab teb Iran, qhia lub thoob plaws siv ntawm bronze ua arrowheads, ntaj, hmuv rau cov tibneeg, axes, swords. Ntawm cov finds muaj txawm hauv tsev rooj tog, xws li rooj tog thiab tsom iav, raws li zoo raws li lub rhawv zeb, amphorae, vases thiab daim hlau. Rau minting ancient npib thiab hniav nyiaj hniav kub siab siv lub tib lub alloy.

Bronze nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog pib mus koom siv nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe. Los ntawm nws tsim xws loj heev tej khoom zoo li cannons thiab lub tsev teev ntuj ncaws. Thaum ib tug tom qab lub sij hawm, nrog rau cov kev loj hlob ntawm mechanical engineering, li ntau yam hlau yog tseem tsis tau ploj mus unnoticed. Nws twb menyuam, mas rau anti-kev sib txhuam thiab anti-xeb zog. Txawm li cas los, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov ntaub ntawv uas siv ua ntej, yog dog dig txawv los ntawm uas uas niaj hnub no yog lub bronze. Cov hlau muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj ib tug plurality ntawm me impurities ho tsis tau nws zoo.

Cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm cov niaj hnub bronze

Niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv hu ua bronze hlau ntawm ob co tooj liab thiab tin, uas yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv ntau yam proportions. Kom cov hlau ntawm lub teeb ntawm yeeb yam zoo rau qhov no khub tej zaum yuav muab ntxiv zinc, phosphorus, magnesium, hlau thiab pob zeb ntais. Lub xub ntiag ntawm incidental impurities muaj hnub lub technology yog xyaum txo kom zero.

Nyob rau hauv feem ntau pom tias tau piv ntawm tooj liab rau tin nyob rau hauv proportions ntawm 85 mus rau 15 feem pua. Txo cov kev faib ua feem ntawm hais tias ob tivthaiv, hauv qab no lub theem seb puas tsimnyog tau ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov teeb meem, lub ntsiab uas yog ib tug theem sib cais. Qhov no lub sij hawm yog hais txog cov txheej txheem metallurgical hlau stratification thiab sis tsis ncaj hardening.

Cawv ntawm cov hlau nyob rau hauv nws zoo xim

Paub cov neeg yuav kawm tau ntau yam txog cov khoom, cia li los saib cov nqaij daim tawv, uas muaj ib tug bronze. Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ib tug ncaj qha feem nyob rau hauv no parameter. Koj twv nws, liab Hawj txawm muab cov hlau tooj liab. Yog li ntawd, ib tug txo nyob rau hauv nws cov feem pua nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm tus lwm yam yuav yog ib tug gradual kev hloov ntawm cov xim rau ib tug dull tones.

Nyob rau hauv cov pa ntawv Cheebtsam (85% tooj liab) bronze pwm yellowness. Xws li ib tug version yuav pom ntau zaus. Dawb hlau tau tom qab kho tus piv rau 50:50. Tab sis lub bronze ua gray, koj yuav tsum txo tus nqi ntawm cov tooj liab rau 35%.

Raws li rau cov kev hloov ntawm cov tswv yim yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau thaum xyaum nrog nws cov neeg ua haujlwm, qhov teeb meem no yog raws li nram no. Lub ductility ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav nyob ntawm seb cov ntsiab lus ntawm tin therein. Nws yog tsawg tshaj li qhov ntau pliable yuav bronze, tab sis qhov no yog qhov tseeb xwb li mus rau ib tug tej yam kev txwv. Yog li, thaum lub theem ntawm 50% cov hlau yuav mos dua.

Bronze kos duab

Muaj zog thiab check khoom, muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no ib tug txaus tsawg melting kub thiab zoo ductility, yuav tsis yuav txaus siab nyob rau hauv muaj tswv yim neeg, nyob rau hauv particular ntxias. Twb tau nyob rau lub V-IV xyoo pua BC nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws twb ua hauj lwm tawm mus rau lub me tshaj kom meej lub cuab yeej ntawm raug bronze saum, uas yog tseem tseem ceeb niaj hnub no. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv uas tus pej thuam uas flameproof khoom chiv hloov nrog ciab, uas yog ncaj qha mus rhuav tshem, thaum casting. Rau lub hom phiaj no ntawm daim duab tau thawj yuav manufactured plaster qauv, thiab tom qab lub puab rau casting. Lub ciab cov ntsiab lus thaum raug kub cia li melts, thiab yuav siv sij hawm nws qhov chaw bronze, uas cools thiab solidifies. Tom qab uas nws muaj peev xwm tsuas ua thiab coj mus rau zoo tag nrho.

artillery hlau

Rau lub chaw ua khoom ntawm cov phom, thiab nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej thiab lwm yam tub rog cov khoom, nws yeej ib txwm siv bronze. Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub alloy, uas yog siv rau cov hom phiaj feem ntau muaj 90% tooj liab thiab 10% tin xwb. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov ntaub ntawv uas rau cov phom yuav tsum tau muaj zog heev thiab muaj ib tug high tensile zog. Cov qualities muaj bronze Hom BrAZhMts10-3-1.5. Dhau li lub ntsiab Cheebtsam nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj 1.2% ntawm manganese, uas tsub kom lub frictional thiab kub yam ntxwv.

Qhuav lub tsev teev ntuj tswb

Tswb ringing muaj yuav melodic, tab sis nws lub suab yuav tsum thov lub pob ntseg ntawm ib tug deb. Oddly txaus, tab sis lub bronze muaj cov suab paj nruas txuj ci. Yuav kom txhim kho nws lub suab tswb yog ua los ntawm ib tug hlau nrog ib tug high school cov ntsiab lus tin (20 mus rau 22%). Tej zaum, nws kuj ntxiv ib me ntsis ntawm cov nyiaj. Nyiaj Muas ntawm bronze, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua neeb thiab lwm yam percussion seev rau ua daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv lwm yam lag luam yog kiag li unsuitable. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias qhov no alloy muaj ib tug zoo lis qauv thiab muaj zog fragility.

Phosphoric acid thiab txhuas bronze

Thawj hlau uas muaj 90% tooj liab, thiab 9% ntawm tin thiab 1% phosphorus twb thov ntawm 1871 Künzel xyoo. Nws lub npe hu ua phosphor bronze, thiab cov khoom pom nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv mas mechanical engineering. Nws muab pov ib tug ntau ntawm lub tshuab qhov chaw uas raug nce kev sib txhuam. Phosphorus yog tsim nyog rau koj ntxiv kom lub elasticity thiab kev txhim kho anticorrosive zog. Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm no hlau yog hais tias nws txig nyob tej depressions nyob rau hauv lub casting.

Aluminium bronze, muaj pes tsawg leeg uas txawv ib theem siab cov ntsiab ntawm tooj liab (95%), zoo li yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau kub. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus kev zoo nkauj, nws muaj ob peb lwm yam zoo. Piv txwv li, tsis tas li ntawd ntawm 5% txhuas hlau enables los mas ntev raug txhoj puab heev tej kev kawm xws li hyperacidity.

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv uas rau qhov siv thiab ua ntau yam tshuab qhov chaw, active hlau yog yuav luag universally supplanted phosphoric bronze nyob rau hauv daim ntawv mills thiab nyob rau hauv cov hmoov ntau lawm vim muaj ib tug ntau dua counter rupture.

Silicon thiab manganese bronze

Silicon yog ntxiv rau cov hlau mus txhim khu conductivity. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua xov tooj nyob ntawm tej. Reference silicon bronze muaj pes tsawg leeg yog raws li nram no: 97,12% tooj liab, 1.14% tin, 0.05% silicon.

Cov feem ntau nyuaj txoj kev txais boasts hlau uas muaj manganese. Tag nrho txoj kev yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ob peb ua sawv. Thawj ferromangan ntxiv mus rau lub molten tooj liab. Ces, tom qab ib tug predetermined kub, ntxiv rau tin, thiab zinc, yog tias tsim nyog. British ruaj Bronce tuam txhab manufactures ob peb ntau yam ntawm manganese bronze, muaj txawv viscosity thiab hardness. Thov ib tug zoo xws li cov hlau yuav nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov lag luam.