Quartz iav: specifics ntawm ntau lawm, GOST. Kho qhov muag quartz iav: kev siv ntawm

Khob - ib tug ntawm cov hiob cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog dav siv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev tswv yim tib neeg kev ua si ua tsaug rau ib co ntawm cov pab zoo thiab zog. Thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej (ntau tshaj li 5 txhiab. Years), nws tshuaj mis tau yuav zoo tib yam, tab sis nws zoo tau hloov.

quartz iav

Rau xyoo, tus txiv neej tau nrhiav los tsim lub iav ntau pob tshab thiab resistant mus rau ntau yam puas yam. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tsom txoj kev txhim kho nyob quartz iav - ib tug kiag li yam tshiab ntawm cov khoom nrog cov yam ntxwv rau pem. Tej zaum qhov no iav yuav txiav txim seb cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm noob neej. Quartz iav - ib yam khoom melting ntshiab silicon oxide _{(2 SiO).} Tsis zoo li tib yam iav, qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog nyob rau hauv lub amorphous lub xeev, i.e. nws twb tsis muaj leej melting kub thiab thaum rhuab los ntawm ib tug khoom rau kua hauv lub xeev tau nyaij maj. Lom zem ntau vim rau qhov cov khoom teejtug uas yog quartz los yog silica, iav pom xws dav daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv kev lag luam.

Tus qauv ntawm lub quartz iav

Amorphous khoom vim nws cov qauv, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv pob zeb ntais-pa tetrahedra. Molecules SiO ₂ "txuas lus" nrog txhua lwm yam vim kev sib nrig sib attraction oxygen atoms. Ua ke lawv tsim ib tug peb-dimensional daim phiaj, nyob rau hauv kev phem ntawm lub fact tias nruj kev txiav txim txheeb ze rau txhua tus lwm yam yog tsis tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub molecular arrangement. Uas yog vim li cas lub quartz iav muaj lub thaj chaw ntawm amorphous cov ntaub ntawv.

Ib tug silicate iav, raws li ib txwm, ua los ntawm melting ib feedstock. Raws li xws yuav siv tau ntshiab silica - rhinestone, cov hlab ntsha quartz, silica xuab zeb, thiab silica tau los ntawm dag txhais tau tias.

Sib txawv los ntawm cov pa silica iav

Nyob ntawm seb lub hom ntawm raw cov ntaub thiab txiav txim seb tej thaj chaw ntawm cov khoom muag kawg. Yog li, kom tau ib tug crystal-clear thiab pob tshab khoom siv rhinestone.

Lub ntsiab sib txawv ntawm cov pa silicate iav yog ib tug high melting kub - ^txog 1500 C. Thaum zoo li no silicon oxide pib emit khaus teeb tawg nyob rau hauv qhov pom spectrum, i.e. glows.

Vim lub amorphous qauv ntawm cov nqaij nyoos khoom melting kev yuav coj lub sij hawm. Lub molten muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj ib tug high viscosity, uas ua rau nws staplivat los yog txav mus. Qhov no complicates qhov siv thiab ua lub quartz iav nrog tib thickness phab ntsa.

ntau lawm nta

Nyob rau hauv view ntawm tag nrho cov saum toj no nta zus tau tej cov silicate iav yog tau tsuas yog nyob rau tshwj xeeb cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv lub melting kub yuav tsum tau khaws cia siab, thiab tsim glassware qhib nplaim dav hlau yog tsim nyog los tswj qhov kub ^ntawm 1800 C thiab saum toj no.

Tshwj xeeb uas yuav tsum tau thiab thaj chaw - nws yuav tsum muaj menyuam tsis taus. Ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm txawv teb chaws hais yuav inevitably ua rau lub fact tias lub tiav lawm quartz iav tawg thiab poob lawv lub zog nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm. Tshwj xeeb zoo thiab yuav tsum tau muaj cov neeg ua hauj - glassmakers. Lawv muaj nrog tsis tshua muaj neeg siab kub - ib tug ua yuam kev thaum lub sij hawm kev lag luam yuav ua tau kom raug mob loj, kub nyhiab.

Tag nrho cov ntsiab glassblower cov cuab yeej no yog ua los ntawm tshav kub-resistant ntaub ntawv - granite, tungsten, uas, inter alia, los ntawm ib tug siab hnyav. Yog li ntawd, neeg ua hauj lwm yuav tsum yog lub cev muaj zog thiab muaj zog.

Cov khoom ntawm quartz iav

Silicate iav muaj ib tug tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob conductivity, li ntawd, nws yog feem ntau siv raws li ib tug dielectric nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob pab kiag li lawm tsis yooj yim. Lub ntsiab pab zog, uas muaj quartz iav yuav tau muab faib mus rau hauv peb pab neeg:

1. Thermal. Kuj kub ^(txog 1200 C), siab coefficient ntawm thermal expansion (15 lub sij hawm ntau tshaj li uas ntawm zoo tib yam iav) tshaj yog tshwm sim los ntawm tsis kam mus cia li thiab tseem ceeb kub hloov mus hloov los (rau zus tau tej cov dej khov-dej txias dej).
2. Tshuaj. Khob sib nruab nrab, tsis hnov mob nrog tag nrho cov alkalies thiab acids tsuas yog phosphoric acid thiab hydrofluoric acid (cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog pib thaum ib tug kub saum toj no ^txog 300 C).
3. Kho qhov muag. Lub refractive index ntawm silica iav yog 150 lub sij hawm tsawg dua uas cov pa (n _e = 1,46). Vim qhov no nws yog zoo kawg nkaus hau tsis tau tsuas yog lub hnub thiab zoo tib yam lub teeb, tab sis tsis khaws tej infrared los yog ultraviolet hluav taws xob.

Cov zog tso cai rau cov kev siv ntawm quartz iav raws li ib tug lub tsev cov ntaub ntawv uas, raws li zoo raws li rau zus tau tej cov laboratory glassware, kho qhov muag seev, hluav taws xob cov khoom, thaum tshav kub kub-resistant refractory cov ntaub ntawv. Ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm daim ntawv thov - zus tau tej cov optical fibers.

Kho qhov muag quartz iav

Nyob ntawm seb lub tshuab siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua quartz lub khob yuav ua tau opaque thiab pob tshab. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thawj nws cov qauv yuav qhia ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov roj npuas, uas scatter lub teeb quaj tawv heev. Clear iav, quartz lub khob los yog kho qhov muag, raws li nws yog hu ua, nws yog kiag homogeneous, nws tsis muaj ib yam npuas. Tsaug rau no xyov cov ntaub ntawv uas yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua optical cables, kub ceev cov ntaub ntawv kis tau tus mob, kho qhov muag lo ntsiab muag thiab prisms.

Hom thiab koob ntawm kho qhov muag iav

Muaj ntau ntau hom ntawm kho qhov muag khob: KU-1, Ki, thiab HF. Cov khoom txawv nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm kis tau tus pom, ultraviolet thiab infrared tawg. Nws yog feem ntau pob tshab iav hom CI - nws muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm kis lub teeb nyob rau ib wavelength ntawm 2600-2800 nm, tsawg pob tshab - HF. Nyob rau hauv lub feedstock siv ntau yam teeb kis tau tus mob yuav tsum kho qhov muag iav quartz. GOST 15130-86 muaj cov lus qhia rau peb series:

• 0 - cov ntaub ntawv uas siv nyob rau hauv ib txwm khiav hauj lwm tej yam kev mob;
• 100 - iav, resistant rau ionizing tawg uas tsis muaj zog;
• 200 - raw cov ntaub ntawv uas tej zaum yuav siv nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm khaus ionizing tawg.

Mark thiab iav tsim ntawm ib tug series ntawm cipher products. Nws yog thov mus raug thiab txhais ib hom iav. Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, muaj yog tsis muaj ib qho encryption system, yog li txhua lub tuam txhab nruab nrab lawv cov khoom raws li lawv to taub.

kheej ntawm daim ntawv thov

Silicate iav ua ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntau cov khoom. Cov kev kawm ntawv thiab muaj lub chaw soj nstuam thov quartz iav raj, uas yog siv rau cov kua theem ntsuas, qhov siv thiab ua hluav taws xob tso cua sov, tshuaj tshua thiab cia ntawm txhoj puab heev tshuaj.

Lug siv nyob rau hauv qhuav tau txais thiab opaque iav. Nws yog siv qhov tsim nyog los tswj tus kua cov khoom nyob rau high school kub thiab, vim nws cov tsis muaj nqi, hos yog lug.

Kho qhov muag iav yog siv nyob rau hauv shipbuilding thiab foob pob ua ntxaij ntau lawm, mas rau qhov siv thiab ua teeb pom kev zoo pab kiag li lawm. Nyob rau hauv lub petrochemical kev lag luam, qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog muaj nuj nqis rau nws cov high tshuaj kuj thiab yog siv los tswj corrosive kua. Lub aircraft lawv yog glazed hav zoov, thiab yog siv raws li thermal rwb thaiv tsev.

Manufacturers cov khoom uas ua nyob rau hauv raws li GOST 22291-83 yuav tsum. Quartz iav hlab, qhov rai, prisms, lenses, thiab lwm yam khoom uas yog los ob leeg loj thiab ib tug neeg hauv paus.