Lub ntsiab yam ntawm gases

Xwm paub peb lub ntsiab lub xeev ntawm tej teeb meem: khoom, kua thiab gaseous. Yuav luag txhua kua yuav nrhiav tau txhua yam ntawm cov seem ob. Muaj ntau cov khib nyiab los ntawm melting, evaporation los yog combustion cua yuav replenish lub txheem. Tab sis tsis yog txhua tus roj tej zaum yuav ib feem ntawm cov khoom ntaub ntawv los yog kua. Muaj ntau yam ntawm gases, uas txawv nyob rau hauv lawv lub zog, keeb kwm thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm daim ntawv thov.

Lus Txhais thiab cov khoom

Gas - ib yam khoom uas uas yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm kev qhaj ntawv los yog yam tsawg kawg nkaus tus nqi ntawm intermolecular bonds, raws li zoo raws li active muaj tus hais. Basic zog, uas muaj tag nrho cov hom ntawm gases:

1. Fluidity, deformability, volatility, lub siab xav mus maximize qhov ntim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm atoms thiab molecules poob los yog sawv nyob rau hauv kub uas manifests hloov nyob rau hauv cov kev siv ntawm lawv lub zog.
2. Muaj, rau ib kub nyob rau hauv uas lub siab nce tsis raug nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev hloov mus rau lub kua hauv lub xeev.
3. Yooj yim compressed, txo nyob rau hauv volume. Qhov no simplifies tuav thiab siv.
4. Feem ntau cov liquefied los ntawm compression hauv tej yam kev txwv ntawm siab thiab kub tseem ceeb heev qhov tseem ceeb.

Los ntawm kev tshawb fawb inaccessibility piav siv cov yooj yim tsis: kub, siab, ntim thiab hniav puas loj.

Ib suam ntawm lub deposit

Nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntuj tag nrho cov hom ntawm gases nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, av thiab dej.

1. Tiabsis cov ntawm huab cua: pa, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen monoxide nrog impurities neon, Krypton, hydrogen, methane.
2. Nyob rau hauv lub kiav txhab nitrogen, hydrogen, methane thiab lwm yam hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, sulfur oxide thiab lwm tus neeg yog nyob rau hauv ib tug gaseous los yog kua hauv lub xeev. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj roj deposits nyob rau hauv cov khoom feem nyob rau hauv admixture nrog khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov dej nyob rau ntawm lub pressures ntawm txog 250 atm. ntawm kuj tsis tshua muaj kub (20 ° C).
3. Lub pas dej muaj soluble gases - hydrogen chloride, ammonia thiab tsis zoo soluble - oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide et al.

Ntuj cov kev pab nyob deb tshaj qhov tau tus xov tooj ntawm artificially tsim.

Classification los ntawm flammability

Tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov nkev, nyob ntawm seb tus cwj pwm yam ntxwv ntawm ignition thiab combustion dab raug muab faib ua oxidizing, inert, thiab cov.

1. Oxidants thiab pab txhawb kom qhov hluav taws kub retardant, tab sis lawv tsis hlawv: huab cua, cov pa, fluorine, tshuaj chlorine ua, nitrogen monoxide thiab dioxide.
2. Inert tsis koom nyob rau hauv combustion, txawm li cas los, yuav displace oxygen thiab cawv rau kev siv txo cov txheej txheem: Helium, neon, xenon, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide.
3. Combustible teeb los yog tawg txuam muaj pa oxygen: methane, ammonia, hydrogen, acetylene, hluav taws roj zeb, butane, carbon monoxide, ethane, ethylene. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog yus muaj los ntawm hlawv xwb nyob rau hauv tej yam tej yam kev mob ntawm cov roj sib tov. Vim li no cov khoom, roj - roj hom, feem ntau niaj hnub no. Qhov no yog siv raws li methane, hluav taws roj zeb, butane.

Carbon dioxide thiab nws lub luag hauj lwm

Nws yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau roj nyob rau hauv cov cua (0.04%). Nyob rau hauv tej kub thiab atmospheric siab muaj ib tug ntom ntawm 1,98 kg / m ^3. Nws yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv cov khoom los yog kua hauv lub xeev. Khoom theem no tshwm sim thaum uas tsis muaj nqi ntawm tshav kub thiab qhov atmospheric siab, nws yog hu ua "cov nab kuab qhuav". Cov kua theem CO ₂ yog tau thaum lub siab yuav tsub kom. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse yog siv rau cia, tsheb thauj mus los thiab daim ntawv thov txheej txheem. Sublimation (kev hloov mus rau gaseous lub xeev ntawm ib tug khoom, tsis muaj ib tug intermediate kua theem) yog tau ntawm -77 - -79˚S. Solubility nyob rau hauv dej rau ib lub ratio ntawm 1: 1 yog pom tau hais nyob rau ntawm lub t = 14-16˚S.

Hom ntawm carbon dioxide txawv nyob ntawm seb lub keeb kwm:

1. Cov khoom ntawm nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj pov tseg, volcanic emission, roj paug los ntawm qhov av, lub cev ntawm cov dej evaporation ntawm tus nto.
2. Cov kev tshwm sim ntawm cov tib neeg ua ub no, xws li emissions los ntawm combustion ntawm fuels.

Raws li ib tug pab tau yam khoom uas yog siv:

1. Cov pa roj carbon dioxide tua hluav taws.
2. Cov thooj voos kheej kheej rau arc vuam nyob rau hauv ib tug tsim nyog nruab nrab ntawm ib tug CO _2.
3. Nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov kev lag luam raws li ib tug preservative thiab rau aerating cov dej.
4. Raws li cov refrigerant rau ib ntus txias.
5. Nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ua lag luam.
6. Nyob rau hauv metallurgy.

Yog ib tug indispensable tivthaiv ntawm lub neej ntawm cov ntiaj chaw, ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm cov cav tov thiab tag nrho cov nroj tsuag, cov pa roj carbon dioxide accumulates nyob rau hauv lub sab sauv thiab sab khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov cua, delaying qhov kev tso tawm ntawm tshav kub thiab tsim ib tug "tsev cog khoom nyhuv".

Liquefied gas thiab nws lub luag hauj lwm

Ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm tej yam ntuj tso keeb kwm thiab lo lus uas peb txheej txheem yog cais xws li hais tias ib tug high degree ntawm combustibility thiab calorific nqi. Rau cia, tsheb thauj mus los thiab kev siv, cov nram qab no ntawm liquefied gas: methane, hluav taws roj zeb, butane, thiab hluav taws roj zeb-butane sib tov.

Butane (C ₄ H _10), thiab hluav taws roj zeb yog Cheebtsam ntawm cov roj av roj cua. Tus thawj liquefied ntawm -1 - -0,5˚S. Tuav thiab daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv huab cua txias ntshiab butane yog tsis nqa tawm vim nws khov. Liquefaction kub ntawm hluav taws roj zeb (C ₃ H ₈₎ -41 - -42˚S, tseem ceeb heev siab - 4,27 MPa.

Methane (CH _4), - lub ntsiab tivthaiv ntawm tej yam ntuj tso pa. Hom roj qhov twg los - roj deposits, cov khoom ntawm biogenic dab. Liquefaction tshwm sim ntawm compression theem thiab txo tshav kub mus rau -160 - -161˚S. Nyob rau txhua theem nws yog compressed los ntawm 5-10 lub sij hawm.

Liquefaction yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb cov nroj tsuag. Muab hluav taws roj zeb, butane, los yog sib tov ntawm tsob ntoo rau tsev neeg thiab muaj kev siv nyias. Methane yog siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam thiab raws li ib tug roj rau thauj. Cov yav tas yuav kuj yuav ua nyob rau hauv ib tug compressed daim ntawv.

Compressed roj thiab nws lub luag hauj lwm

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, lub koob meej ntawm muas compressed nkev. Thaum hluav taws roj zeb thiab butane yog siv heev dua lwm yam liquefaction, lub methane yuav tau ua nyob rau hauv ib tug liquefied thiab compressed. Fwj roj nyob rau hauv ib tug kub siab ntawm 20 MPa muaj ob peb zoo dua lub zoo-paub liquified.

1. Lub siab tus nqi ntawm evaporation, xws li thaum uas tsis muaj cua kub, tsis muaj txuam nrog cov tsis zoo tshwm sim.
2. A theem sab ntawm tshuaj muaj taug.
3. Sau kom tiav combustion, high efficiency, tsis muaj tsis zoo nyob rau hauv cov cuab yeej siv thiab lub ntuj kaaj quas lug.

Nws yog nce siv tsis tau tsuas yog rau cov tsheb thauj khoom, tiam sis kuj rau neeg caij tsheb raws li zoo raws li rau boiler khoom.

Gas - unobtrusive tab sis indispensable muaj rau tib neeg lub neej. High calorific nqi ntawm ib co ntawm cov uas justifies dav siv ntawm lub ntau yam ntawm tej yam ntuj tso roj raws li ib tug roj kom muaj tsheb thauj mus los.