Nyob rau hauv tej yam yooj yim cov nqe lus: cov Higgs boson - yog dab tsi?

Nyob rau hauv tej yam yooj yim cov ntsiab lus, cov Higgs boson - lub particle yog lub feem ntau kim ntawm txhua lub sij hawm. Yog hais tias lub foundations ntawm cov electron, piv txwv li, yog txaus lub tshuab nqus tsev raj thiab ib tug khub ntawm ci ntsa iab minds, cov kev tshawb fawb rau cov Higgs boson demanded lub tsev lag luam ntawm ib tug tsav zog uas yog tsis tshua muaj pom nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Lub Loj Hadron Collider xav tau kev pab tsis muaj kev taw qhia raws li ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau nto moo thiab vam meej scientific thwmsim, tab sis nws profile particle, raws li ua ntej, yog shrouded nyob rau hauv tsis rau feem ntau ntawm cov pejxeem. Nws twb hu ua Vajtswv particle, txawm li cas los, ua tsaug rau lub dag zog ntawm cia txhiab tus kws tshawb fawb, peb yuav tsum tsis coj nws lub neej rau kev tso.

Xeem tsis paub hais tias

Yuav ua li cas yog lub Higgs boson thiab dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws foundations? Yog vim li cas nws thiaj yog tus kawm ntawm thiaj li ntau hype thiab misinformation txais? Rau ob yog vim li cas. Firstly, nws yog tus kawg undiscovered particle tsim nyog rau kev paub ntawm cov Standard Model ntawm physics. Nws foundations txhais hais tias yog tag nrho tiam ntawm scientific ntaub ntawv tsis tau nyob rau hauv vain. Secondly, qhov boson muab lwm tus lawv loj, uas muab nws ib tug tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb thiab ib tug "khawv koob". Peb yuav mus xav seb loj li lub domestic thaj chaw ntawm tej yam, tab sis physicists ntseeg lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv tej yam yooj yim cov ntsiab lus, cov Higgs boson - ib tug particle, tsis muaj uas tus masses yeej tsis muaj nyob.

lwm teb

Yog vim li cas cov lus dag nyob rau hauv lub thiaj li hu ua Higgs teb. Nws tau piav ua ntej rau lub Higgs boson, physicists vim hais tias nws twb payment rau cov kev xav tau ntawm lawv tus kheej theories thiab cov tswvyim, yuav tsum muaj ib tug tshiab teb, cov nyhuv uas yuav muab ncua mus rau lub tag nrho cov ntug. Reinforcements hypotheses los ntawm cov invention ntawm tshiab Cheebtsam ntawm lub ntug yog txaus ntshai. Nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm, piv txwv li, qhov no tau coj mus rau lub creation ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm ether. Tiam sis qhov ntau zauv ua, qhov ntau physics to taub hais tias lub Higgs teb, yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag. Cov teeb meem nkaus xwb yog tus tsis muaj tswv yim lub sij hawm ntawm tsom kwm nws.

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem qauv lub physics elementary hais tau loj los ntawm ib tug mechanism raws li nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov ntawm Higgs teb permeates txhua qhov chaw. Nws tsim ib tug Higgs boson, rau cov uas ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm lub zog yog yuav tsum tau, thiab qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb vim yog vim li cas zaum yuav niaj hnub particle accelerators rau high-zog thwmsim.

Qhov twg puas tus luj?

Lub zog ntawm cov uas qaug zog nuclear sis nrog ua deb txo sai heev. Raws li quantum teb kev tshawb xav, qhov no txhais tau tias tus hais, uas yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv nws cov creation - lub W-thiab Z-bosons - yuav tsum muaj loj, tsis zoo li photons thiab gluons, uas tsis muaj kev loj.

Qhov teeb meem yog hais tias gauge theories khiav lag luam tsuas massless ntsiab. Yog hais tias lub koob qhia hais tias bosons muaj loj, xws li ib tug hypothesis yuav tsis tau tsim nyog txiav txim. Higgs mechanism txhob qhov teeb meem no los ntawm plaug ib tug tshiab teb, hu ua lub Higgs teb. Thaum siab energies, qhov loj ntawm gauge bosons tsis muaj, thiab lub hypothesis hauj lwm raws li tau leej twg. Thaum uas tsis muaj energies teb disturbs lub symmetry uas tso cai rau lub ntsiab muaj ib tug luj.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub Higgs boson?

Higgs teb generates hais hu ua Higgs bosons. Theory ntawm qhov ceeb thawj yog tsis sau tseg qhia, tab sis qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov xyaum ua tej nws tau txiav txim hais tias nws yog sib npaug zos rau 125 GeV. Nyob rau hauv tej yam yooj yim cov ntsiab lus, lub hav zoov ntawm cov Higgs boson nws thaum kawg paub tseeb hais tias cov Standard Model.

Lub mechanism teb thiab boson yog muaj npe tom qab Scottish paub txog Peter Higgs. Txawm hais tias nws tsis yog thawj zaug rau qhia lub tswvyim, thiab, raws li feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv physics, tsuas muab tau, tom qab uas lawv tau muaj npe.

symmetry tawg

Nws twb ntseeg tau tias cov Higgs yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub fact tias tus hais uas muaj ib tug loj yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj los ntawm nws. Nws yog ib lub universal nruab nrab, endowing hais tsis loj sib txawv ntawm cov pawg. Tej symmetry RHUAV ntaus nqi los ntawm analogy nrog rau lub teeb - tag nrho cov wavelengths nyob rau hauv vacuo txav nyob rau tib lub ceev nyob rau hauv txhua plaub tib wavelength yuav muab sau ua ke. Qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, tsis yog analogy, txij li thaum lub teeb dawb no muaj xws li tag nrho cov wavelengths, tab sis tus yam ntxwv qhia yuav ua li cas los tsim ib daim teb uas muaj tuaj loj Higgs teeb los ntawm kev ua txhaum cai. Prism lov cov symmetry ntawm kev ceev ntawm txawv wavelengths ntawm lub teeb, cais lawv, thiab Higgs teb no yog ntseeg mus ua txhaum lub symmetry ntawm lub loj ib co lus hais uas tsis symmetrically massless.

Yuav ua li cas mus piav qhia txog nyob rau hauv cov lus yooj yim lub Higgs boson? Tsuas yog tsis ntev los no, physicists pom tau hais tias yog hais tias tus Higgs teb nyob ua ib ke, nws yuav yuav tsum tau ib tug tsim nyog cov cab kuj muaj zog uas yuav tsum tau cai. Nws twb assumed tias qhov no particle yog kho tau kom bosons. Higgs lus yooj yim - qhov thiaj li hu ua lub dag lub zog ntawm cov cab kuj yog tib yam li photons, uas yog cov muaj ntawm lub electromagnetic teb ntawm lub ntug. Photons nyob rau hauv ib lub siab, yog nws lub zos excitations li Higgs yog lub zos excitation ntawm nws daim teb. Lub pov thawj ntawm cov hav zoov ntawm ib tug particle physicists nrog leej twg zog twb zoo sib npaug rau ib tug tib neeg pov thawj ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm ib daim teb.

xyaum ua tej yam

Ntau xyoo ntawm kev npaj pub lub loj Hadron Collider (LHC) los ua ib qho kev, ib tug tej zaum txaus mus tsis pom zoo cov kev tshawb xav ntawm lub Higgs boson. 27 km nplhaib hnyav luag hauj lwm electromagnet yuav leeb them hais rau ib tug tseem ceeb feem ntawm cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb, ua ib tug kev sib tsoo ntawm txaus quab yuam kom sib faib lawv mus rau hauv lub Cheebtsam, thiab kuj yuav deform qhov chaw ib ncig ntawm lub taw tes rau ntawm kev cuam tshuam. Nws yog Kwv yees hais tias thaum lub sib tsoo zog txaus theem siab yuav tau them boson li hais tias nws yuav tawg thiab nws yuav pom. No lub zog yog li ntawd zoo kawg uas ib txhia txawm txhawj thiab kwv yees thaum xaus ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, thiab lwm cov neeg muag cov fantasy yog li ntawd lub foundations ntawm cov Higgs boson twb tau piav raws li ib tug ib nyuag ntsia mus rau hauv ib qho lwm txoj kev dimension.

kawg kabke

Initial pom, nws ciali, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb defied twv ua ntej, thiab tsis muaj tej yam tshwm sim nws twb tsis tau mus ntes hais. Ib txhia soj ntsuam uas tau koom tes nyob rau hauv lub phiaj los nqis tes rau lub expenditure ntawm billions nyiaj, txawm nyob rau hauv TV thiab meekly hais qhov tseeb hais tias tus refutation ntawm ib tug scientific theory yog li ib qho tseem ceeb raws li nws paub tseeb hais tias. Tom qab ib pliag, tiam sis, pib coj zoo lawm nyob rau hauv cov kev ntsuas ntawm lub zuag qhia tag nrho duab, thiab lub peb hlis ntuj 14, 2013 CERN officially tshaj tawm rau cov kabke uas lub hav zoov ntawm cov particle. Muaj yog vim li cas rau xav tias lub hav zoov ntawm ntau yam bosons, tab sis lub tswv yim xav tau kev pab kawm ntxiv.

Ob xyoos tom qab, tom qab lub CERN tshaj tawm lub foundations ntawm cov particle, tus zaum ua hauj lwm rau lub Loj Hadron Collider, twb tau kom paub meej tias qhov no. Nyob rau hauv ib tes, nws yog ib tug loj loj yeej rau science, rau lwm cov tes muaj ntau zaum muaj tau chim. Yog hais tias leej twg yog hoping tias lub Higgs boson yuav yog ib tug particle uas yuav ua rau coj txawv txawv thiab tsab chaw tshaj lub Standard Model - supersymmetry, tsaus teeb meem, tsaus zog - hais tias, hmoov tsis, nws tsis yog li ntawd.

Txoj kev tshawb no, luam tawm nyob rau hauv Xwm Physics, paub tseeb hais tias lwj rau hauv fermions. Tus txheem qauv kwv yees hais tias, nyob rau hauv tej yam yooj yim cov ntsiab lus, cov Higgs boson yog lub particle uas muab loj rau fermions lawv. CMS ntes collider thaum kawg paub tseeb hais tias lawv lwj mus rau hauv fermions - hauv qab quarks thiab tau leptons.

Higgs yooj yim cov nqe lus: yog dab tsi?

Txoj kev tshawb no conclusively muaj pov thawj tias nws yog tus Higgs boson kwv yees los ntawm cov Standard Model ntawm elementary particle physics. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub loj-zog ntawm 125 GeV, muaj tsis muaj kiv, thiab muaj peev xwm lwj mus rau hauv ib tug plurality ntawm lub teeb ntsiab - .. Ntawm officers ntawm photons, fermions, etc. Vim hais tias ntawm no peb yuav confidently hais tias lub Higgs boson, ib tug yooj yim cov lus hais lus, yog ib tug particle muab ib tug ntau ntawm txhua yam.

Chim los ntawm tus txheej txheem kev coj cwj pwm ntawm ib tug tshiab khiv sab caij. Yog hais tias nws lub cev qhuav dej ib tug me ntsis txawv, nws yuav tau txuam nrog fermions txwv tsis pub, thiab sawv tshiab qhov chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Nyob rau lwm cov tes, qhov no txhais tau tias tej zaum peb yuav tsis muaj lawm ib kauj ruam tshaj tus qauv qauv, uas tsis tau dab tsi rau lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, tsaus zog, tsaus teeb meem thiab lwm yam bizarre tshwm sim ntawm kev muaj tiag.

Peb yuav tsuas xav txog tej yam lawv yog hu ua. Cov feem nrov ziag Susy, uas hais tias txhua txhua particle ntawm lub Standard Model muaj ib tug heev hnyav superpartner (yog li ua 23% ntawm lub ntug - tsaus teeb meem). Hloov collider nrog ib tug doubling ntawm nws cov kev sib tsoo zog ntawm 13 TeV, tej zaum, yuav tso cai rau mus nrhiav tau cov superparticle. Txwv tsis pub supersymmetry tau tos rau qhov kev siv ntawm ib tug ntau haib LHC successor.

neej yav tom ntej prospects

Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi yuav tsum yog tus physics tom qab Higgs boson? LHC nyuam qhuav reopened nrog tseem ceeb kev txhim kho thiab yog muaj peev xwm mus saib txhua yam - los ntawm antimatter rau tsaus zog. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias tsaus ntuj nti teeb meem ua num ua ke nrog rau tej xwb los lub ntiajteb txawj nqus thiab los ntawm cov creation ntawm lub masses, thiab tus nqi ntawm cov Higgs boson yog ib tug tseem ceeb rau kev totaub txog yuav ua li cas no xwb. Lub ntsiab drawback ntawm lub Standard Model yog hais tias nws yuav tsis tau dab tsi rau cov nyhuv ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus - xws li ib tug qauv yuav tau hu ua lub Great unified kev tshawb xav - thiab ib co ntseeg hais tias tus particle thiab cov Higgs teb yuav ua tau tus choj uas physics li desperately sim mus nrhiav.

Lub hav zoov ntawm cov Higgs boson yog paub tseeb hais tias, tab sis ua ntej nws tag nrho to taub yog tseem heev nyob deb deb. Refuted yog yav tom ntej thwmsim supersymmetry thiab lub tswv yim ntawm nws nthuav mus rau lub tsaus heev teeb meem? Los yog lawv yuav paub meej tias txhua yam mus rau lub me tshaj kom meej, txoj hau kev yuav ntawm tus txheej txheem qauv ntawm lub thaj chaw ntawm lub Higgs boson nrog cheeb tsam no ntawm kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum ua li cas tam sim ntawd nrog mus ib txhis?