Elementary particle: nws yog dab tsi?

Ob peb cov neeg tsis paub xws li ib tug tshaj plaws li "electron", tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb nws txhais tau tias "elementary particle." Ntawm cov hoob kawm, feem ntau cov neeg muaj me ntsis tswv yim dab tsi nws yog ib thiab yog vim li cas nws yuav tsum tau. Nyob rau cov tshooj TV hauv, nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv, nyob rau hauv ntawv xov xwm thiab cov phau ntawv Magazine, cov hais tau qhia raws li me me dots los yog cov hlaws dai. Vim hais tias ntawm no, ruam neeg ntseeg tau hais tias qhov zoo ntawm tus hais, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb yog kheej kheej thiab hais tias lawv ya dawb do, sib tham, lub ntsej muag, thiab lwm yam Tab sis qhov no kev xav yog fundamentally tsis ncaj ncees lawm. Lub tswvyim ntawm ib lub tsev particle yog tsis tshua muaj yooj yim to taub, tiam sis nws yog yeej tsis lig dhau lawm mus ua kom tau tsawg kawg yog ib tug heev ntxhib tswv yim ntawm cov xwm ntawm cov hais.

Thaum pib ntawm yav dhau los xyoo pua, zaum muaj tiag puzzled li yog vim li cas lub electron tsis poob rau lub nucleus, txij li thaum, raws li Newtonian mechanics, thaum muab tag nrho nws lub zog, nws yuav tsum tsuas yog poob mus rau hauv lub nucleus. Kuj ceeb tias, qhov no yog tsis tshwm sim. Yuav ua li cas mus piav qhia txog qhov no?

Qhov tseeb hais tias physics nyob rau hauv lub classical txhais lus thiab elementary particle - malosovmestimymi yam. Nws tsis yog kev kawm rau tej kev cai zoo tib yam physics, raws li sawv raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm quantum mechanics. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lwm cov ntaub ntawv no yog meej txog. Nws hais tias nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau precisely thiab ib txhij qhia ob sib xyaw cov tsiaj ntawv. Qhov ntau thawj ntawm lawv yog txiav txim, cov uas tsis tshua tau los mus txiav txim tus thib ob. Qhov no txhais implies quantum correlations, yoj-particle duality, qhov nyhuv, yoj muaj nuj nqi, thiab tshaj.

Cov thawj tseem ceeb tshaj - yog tswj tsis meej mem tes. Raws li lub ntsiab ntawm cov classical mechanics, peb yuav nco ntsoov hais tias lub cev momentum thiab trajectory ntsiab lus yog inseparable thiab yeej ib txwm kom meej meej tseg. Wb sim kom tshem tau cov qauv nyob rau hauv lub me me ntiaj teb no. Piv txwv li, ib lub tsev particle muaj ib tug leej mem tes. Ces thaum koj sim txiav txim seb lub trajectory ntawm lub zog peb yuav fim nyob rau hauv Undetectable coordinates. Qhov no txhais tau tias lub electron yog kuaj ib txhij ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm qhov chaw. Yog hais tias koj sim ua kom pom tseeb rau ntawm nws trajectory, ces lub zog los ua blurred nqi.

Qhov no implies hais tias tsis muaj teeb meem nyuaj npaum li cas los mus taw qhia tej yam muaj nuj nqis, tus thib ob tam sim ntawd yuav tsis paub tseeb. Qhov no txoj ntsiab cai lus dag hauv lub plawv ntawm lub yoj thaj chaw ntawm tus hais. Ib tug electron muaj ib tug meej txoj hauj lwm. Peb yuav hais tias nws yog nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau tag nrho cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, uas yog muaj raws qhov wavelength. Qhov no sawv cev tso cai rau peb ntau kom meej meej to taub li cas yuav muab ib lub tsev particle.

Kwv yees li tib yam uncertainty tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ratio ntawm lub zog-lub sij hawm. Particle ua num ua ke tsis tu ncua, txawm nyob rau hauv lub muaj ntawm lub cev lub tshuab nqus tsev. No sis ntawd kub ntev li rau tej lub sij hawm. Yog hais tias peb xav txog tej yam hais tias qhov no xam yog ntau dua los yog tsawg txhais, lub zog ces yuav undetectable. Qhov no yog yuam tus txais cov kev cai ntawm kev txuag ntawm lub zog nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm ntawm cog.

Nthuav qauv generates tsawg-zog hais - photons siv teb. Xws li ib tug teb tsis yog ib tug tas mus li substance. Nws muaj me me hais. Lub sis therebetween yog muab los ntawm lub emission ntawm photons, uas yog absorbed los ntawm lwm tus. Qhov no koom tes rau theem ntawm lub zog thiab tsim ruaj khov elementary hais uas tsis tau poob mus rau hauv lub nucleus.

Elementary hais no yeej tseem zoo inseparable, tab sis yog lawv txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv qhov nyhav thiab tej yam ntxwv. Yog li ntawd, tej yam classifications tau raug tsim. Piv txwv li, lub hom kev sis raug zoo muaj peev xwm yuav qhia tau leptons thiab hadrons. Hadrons, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib mus rau hauv mesons, uas muaj xws li ob quarks, thiab baryons, nyob rau hauv uas cov qauv muaj peb quarks. Qhov tseem zoo-paub baryons - lub neutrons thiab protons nws.

Elementary hais thiab lawv lub zog pub rau paub qhov txawv ob chav kawm: bosons (nrog integer thiab pes tsawg kiv) fermions (ib nrab-integer kiv). Txhua particle nws muaj nws tus kheej antiparticle nrog cov lus rov yam ntxwv. Sustainability yog cia li protons, neutrons thiab leptons. Tag nrho lwm cov hais no yuav lwj thiab ua ruaj khov hais.