Chromosomal change: ib nyuag kev piav qhia thiab kev faib

Heev feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv cov xwm tshwm sim hu ua chromosome change. Nws yog txuam nrog ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov qauv los yog xov tooj ntawm chromosomes thiab ua rau lub ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug ntau yam uas tsis xws luag nyob rau hauv lub cev. Change ntawm chromosomes raug muab faib mus rau hauv cov yam ntxwv (muaj ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv) thiab numeric (yus los ntawm ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm chromosomes nyob rau hauv lub genome ntawm tus khub).

Lub Khoos Loos Tsev chromosome change. Qhov no tsis meej, uas yog txuam nrog kev sib tawg thiab tom ntej losis tswvyim dabtsi feem ntawm chromosomes, uas ua rau hloov cov pib tshuaj ntsuam genetic khoom. Lawv yuav ua tau:

- balanced - nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no muaj ib tug tsis txaus los yog tshaj ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic khoom, yog li nyob rau hauv feem ntau lawv tsis tshwm sim. Tab sis muaj ib tug lossis loj uas yuav kis tau tus mob ntawm ib kauj set kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic khoom nyob rau hauv yug me nyuam rau.

- kauj - nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub me nyuam hauv plab muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm yam mob loj heev pathologies.

Muaj cov nram qab no txoj kev rau cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv chromosome qauv:

• Tua tej yaam tawm - chromosomal change uas yog txuam nrog rau chromosomal so threads thiab tsis ntawm nws ib qho tseem ceeb ib feem. Tej kev hloov ua rau loj txim, thiab nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub neeg tuag taus.
• Duplications - change uas yog txuam nrog ib tug doubling ntawm ib lub cheeb tsam ntawm DNA, uas tsis muaj kev loj pathology.
• Translocation - yog nqa tawm ntawm so ob uas nyob ib sab chromosomes. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub ob chromosomes pauv lawv units, txoj kev ua ib tug tshiab set ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic khoom.
• Insetsii - tsiag ntawv los ntawm hloov lwm lub tsev seem ntawm ib tug chromosome mus rau lwm lub.
• Inversion - thaum ib tug chromosome change tsim ib yam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob qho chaw nyob ib zaug. Tom qab ntawd, cov feem uas yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub discontinuities, yog rotated txog ib tug axis, hloov cov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ib theem zuj zus.

Txog zauv chromosomal change. Raws li twb tau hais, qhov no hom ntawm change yog txuam nrog ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm chromosomes. Cov nram qab no:

• Trisomy - chromosomal hloov, uas yog nrog los ntawm cov tsos nyob rau hauv lub caj pas dej ua ke ntawm ib tug ntxiv chromosome. Qhov no tshwm sim yog hais tias, thaum lub sij hawm cell division, tus ntxhais chromosomes yog tsis nyob rau hauv yuav muaj tseeb. Tej kev hloov ua rau thiab phenotypic txawv txav. Ib txhia trisomies ua nyob rau hauv me nyuam hauv plab tuag nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob. Cov ua rau change tseem tsis tau qoos elucidated.
• Monosomy - chromosomal hloov uas yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm disappearance ntawm ib tug chromosome. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob, xws li ib kab yog tsis zaum, yog li tuag nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm embryonic txoj kev loj hlob.
• Poliplodiya - ib tug tsis tshua muaj heev tshwm sim, uas yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm muaj nyob rau hauv lub cell peb npaug, thiab tej zaum kuj txawm quadruple txheej chromosomes. Ib tug kab mob nrog xws li kev tsis taus yog tsis muaj peev xwm mus nyob - los yog nws tuag lawm ua ntej yug tus me nyuam los yog tam sim ntawd tom qab lawv.
• Txog zauv hloov nyob rau hauv tus txiv neej pw chromosomes - ib tug ncaj ntau tshwm sim, uas yog nrog los ntawm ib qho kev nce rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm chromosomes nyob rau hauv lub xeem, 23rd khub.

Chromosomal change: piv txwv

Niaj hnub nimno cov tshuaj paub feem ntau ntawm cov me nyuam yug los nrog chromosomal tsis xws luag. Raws li hais ua ntej lawm, ib txhia chromosomal change ua tsis pom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau ib feem ntawm lub cev, thiab ib co yog cov cia li tsis sib xws nrog cov ciaj sia taus. Tab sis muaj yog ib tug ncaj zoo-paub caj ces cov kab mob, uas tshwm sim precisely raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub caj khoom.

Piv txwv li, Down syndrome - trisomy 21 yog ib khub ntawm chromosomes. Xws li ib tug ua txhaum yog nrog los ntawm congenital malformations ntawm lub plawv thiab circulatory system, raws li zoo raws li nta nyob rau hauv cov tsos ntawm tus neeg thiab muaj hlwb ruamqauj.

Patau Syndrome - trisomy rau 13 khub. Nrog los ntawm xws li ib tug ua txhaum cai kev pob txha loj hlob, hloov nyob rau hauv tus duab ntawm lub pob txha taub hau, polydactyl rau ob txhais ceg los yog caj npab (rau tus ntiv tes), nyob rau hauv kev ua txhaum ntawm cov hlab plawv thiab tshee systems.

Turner syndrome - ib tug monosomy 23 (sib deev) chromosome khub, uas ua rau ib tug me nyuam hauv plab tau txais tsuas yog ib qho X chromosome. Cov neeg qeeb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub tsev me nyuam, thiab tsis muaj zog qhia ntawm ob kev sib deev yam ntxwv.