Minerals: lub npe. Hom ntawm minerals (yees duab)

Xwm muab ib tug neeg lub cib fim yuav txaus siab rau cov kev pab cuam los ntawm nws. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg nyob zoo nyob heev thiab muaj txhua yam koj xav tau. Tom qab tag nrho, dej, ntsev, hlau, roj, hluav taws xob thiab ntau yam ntxiv - tag nrho cov tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam ntuj tso txoj kev thiab tom qab hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv lub Desired zoo rau ib tug txiv neej.

Tib yam siv rau qhov xwm ntawm tej khoom raws li cov zaub mov. Cov ntau yam siv lead ua lug yog ib qho tseem ceeb raw khoom rau lub nqi loj loj ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm muaj dab nyob rau hauv lub economic kev ua ntawm cov neeg. Yog li ntawd, peb xav txog, dab tsi yog lub hom zaub mov thiab cov uas feem ntau sawv cev rau cov tebchaw.

Minerals: general yam ntxwv

Nyob rau hauv cov pa txiav txim zoo hauv mineralogy, lub sij hawm "mineral" yog hais txog ib tug khoom tsim tshuaj ntsiab thiab muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm ib tug neeg physico-tshuaj zog. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws tsim nyob rau nws yuav tsum tsuas yog ib tug ntuj txoj kev, nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ntau yam ntuj.

Minerals tej zaum yuav tsim raws li ib tug yooj yim tshuaj (nuggets) thiab complex. Txoj kev ntawm lawv tsim no kuj sib txawv. Muaj dab uas ua rau kom lawv tsim:

• igneous;
• hydrothermal;
• sedimentary;
• metamorphogenic;
• biogenic.

Loj aggregates ntawm minerals, sau rau hauv ib qhov system, hu ua pob zeb. Yog li ntawd, yam no ob lub tswv yim yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav. Mining minerals yog muab rho tawm los ntawm crushing nws thiab ua tag nrho daim ntawm pob zeb.

Cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm cov tebchaw nyob rau hauv lo lus nug tej zaum yuav sib txawv thiab comprise ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntau contaminating tshuaj. Txawm li cas los, muaj ib txwm ib yam uas dominates muaj pes tsawg leeg. Yog li ntawd, nws yog nws yog decisive, thiab cov impurities yuav tsis suav hais tias.

Tus qauv ntawm cov zaub mov

minerals Qauv - crystalline. Muaj ob peb xaiv rau sob hais tias nws yuav sawv cev:

• nyhav;
• hexagonal;
• rhombic;
• tetragonal;
• monoclinic;
• trigonal;
• triclinic.

Cov tebchaw yog txwv kom muab zais raws li cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub analyte.

Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov zaub mov

Ib tug yuav pabneeg nram qab no faib tawm, uas qhia qhov yooj yim qauv ntawm cov mineral.

1. Neeg los yog yooj yim tshuaj. Nws kuj minerals. Piv txwv li: kub, hlau, carbon nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov pob zeb diamond, thee, Anthracite, cov leej faj, silver, selenium, cobalt, tooj liab, arsenic, Bismuth thiab ntau lwm tus neeg.
2. Halides, uas muaj xws li chlorides, fluorides, bromides. Qhov no minerals, piv txwv uas yog lub npe hu rau txhua leej txhua tus: pob zeb ntsev (sodium tshuaj dawb) los yog halite, sylvite, fluorite.
3. Oxides thiab hydroxides. Tsim los ntawm hlau oxides thiab uas tsis yog-hlau, i.e. compound nws nrog oxygen. Nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg no muaj cov minerals, nws lub npe - chalcedony, Corundum (ruby, sapphire), magnetite, quartz, hematite, rutile, thiab lwm yam kassematit.
4. Nitrates. Piv txwv: Cov poov tshuaj thiab sodium nitrate.
5. Borat: kho qhov muag calcite, Eremeeva.
6. Carbonates - ntsev ntawm carbonic acid. Qhov no mineral, uas nws npe raws li nram no: malachite, aragonite, magnesite, limestone, cwj mem av dawb, marble thiab lwm tus neeg.
7. Sulfates: gypsum, barite, selenite.
8. Tungstates, molybdates, chromates, vanadates, arsenates, phosphates - tag nrho cov ntsev ntawm lub sib nug xov acids uas tsim ntau yam lug minerals. Npe - nepheline, apatite thiab lwm tus neeg.
9. Silicates. Cov ntsev ntawm silicic acid, muaj ib pab uas muaj SiO _4. Piv txwv li cov zaub mov yog: beryl, Feldspar, topaz, garnet, kaolinite, talc, tourmaline, zhadein, lapis lazuli, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau saum toj pom tias pab pawg, kuj ces yuav tsum organic compound txoj kev rau tag nrho tej yam ntuj tso deposits. Piv txwv li, peat, thee, urkit, calcium oxalate, hlau thiab lwm tus neeg. Raws li zoo li ob peb tug carbides, silicides, phosphides, nitrides.

Neeg ntsiab

Cov no yog cov minerals (duab yuav pom hauv qab no), uas yog tsim los ntawm cov yooj yim tshuaj. Piv txwv li:

• kub nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov xuab zeb thiab nuggets, ingots;
• pob zeb diamond thiab graphite - crystalline allotropic kev hloov kho ntawm cov pa roj carbon lattice;
• tooj liab;
• nyiaj;
• hlau;
• leej faj;
• platinum pab pawg neeg hlau.

Feem ntau cov tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv loj aggregations nrog rau lwm cov zaub mov, tej daim ntawm cov pob zeb thiab ores. Qhuav thiab lawv cov kev siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov tib neeg. Lawv - lub hauv paus, raw cov ntaub ntawv rau zus tau tej cov ntaub ntawv, los ntawm uas tom qab ua ib tug ntau yam ntawm yam khoom hauv tsev, tsim, kho kom zoo nkauj, cov khoom thiab hais txog.

Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates

Qhov no pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li cov pob zeb thiab lwm yam minerals tawm, uas yog mas exogenous keeb kwm, uas yog nyob rau hauv cov txheej khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab. Hauv yog tsim tsuas phosphates. Ntsev ntawm phosphorous, arsenic thiab vanadium acid yog ua tau ib tug heev heev. Txawm li cas los, yog hais tias peb xav txog cov duab loj loj, zuag qhia tag nrho feem pua ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug me me daim tawv ntsiab lus.

Muaj ntau ntau feem ntau muaju uas yuav mus rau pab pawg neeg:

• apatite;
• vivianite;
• lindackerite;
• Rosen;
• carnotite;
• paskoit.

Raws li twb tau sau tseg, cov zaub mov tsim pob zeb heev impressive loj.

Oxides thiab hydroxides

Nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li tag nrho cov mineral oxides, thiab yooj yooj yim thiab complex uas yog tsim nyob rau ntawm hlau, uas tsis yog-hlau, intermetallic tebchaw, thiab txoj kev hloov mus hais. Tag nrho cov feem pua ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub kiav txhab - 5%. Lub tsuas kos koom silicates, tsis cov pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv saib xyuas, - ib tug silicon oxide SiO ₂ nrog rau tag nrho nws cov ntau ntau yam.

Ib tug yuav pabneeg ntau cov piv txwv ntawm xws minerals, tab sis txhais feem ntau:

1. Granite.
2. Magnetite.
3. Hematite.
4. Ilmenite.
5. Colombia.
6. Spinel.
7. Txiv qaub.
8. Gibbs.
9. Romaneche.
10. Holfertit.
11. Corundum (ruby, sapphire).
12. Bauxite.

carbonates

Qhov no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov zaub mov muaj xws li nyob rau hauv nws cov tswv cuab ib tug loj txaus ntau yam ntawm cov neeg sawv cev, uas kuj muaj ib qho tseem ceeb cov tswv yim tseem ceeb rau cov tib neeg. Yog li ntawd, muaj cov nram qab no sub-cov chav kawm los yog tej pawg:

• calcite;
• dolomite;
• aragonite;
• malachite;
• dej qab zib zaub mov;
• bastnesite.

Txhua chav kawm ntawv muaj xws li nyob rau hauv nws cov tswv cuab los ntawm ib tug ob peb mus kaum ntawm Cov Neeg Sawv Cev. Muaj txog ib puas ntau yam mineral carbonates. Feem ntau ntawm lawv:

• marble;
• limestone;
• malachite;
• apatite;
• siderite;
• smithsonite;
• magnesite;
• carbonate thiab lwm tus neeg.

Ib txhia muaj nqis raws li ib tug heev heev thiab tseem ceeb lub tsev cov ntaub ntawv uas, thaum lwm tus uas siv tau los ua hniav nyiaj hniav kub, thiab lwm leej lwm tus yog siv nyob rau hauv cov kos duab. Txawm li cas los, tag nrho cov tseem ceeb, thiab lawv cov khoom yog ua heev kom nquag plias.

silicates

Qhov tseem muaj ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv sab nraud cov ntaub ntawv thiab lub xov tooj ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov minerals. Tej variation yog vim lub fact tias cov pob zeb ntais atoms lwm lawv tshuaj qauv, muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm txuas mus rau ntau yam ntawm lug, tswj nyob ib ncig ntawm nws tus kheej ob peb oxygen atoms. Yog li ntawd, yuav muab lub hauv nram qab no ntawm cov lug:

• kob;
• saw;
• daim kab xev;
• daim ntawv.

Cov zaub mov, ib tug yees duab ntawm cov uas yuav tsum tau pom nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, paub txhua leej txhua tus. Thaum kawg yog ib co ntawm lawv. Tom qab tag nrho, xws li no muaj xws li:

• topaz;
• grenades;
• chrysoprase;
• pob zeb siv lead ua;
• opal;
• chalcedony thiab lwm tus neeg.

Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv hniav nyiaj hniav kub, muaj nuj nqis raws li ib tug muaj zog tsim rau siv nyob rau hauv cov kos duab.

Ib tug yuav kuj pabneeg cov piv txwv ntawm cov zaub mov, uas nws npe tsis paub zoo tias mus zoo tib yam neeg, tsis muaj feem xyuam rau mineralogy, tab sis lawv tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv lub lag luam:

1. Datong.
2. Olivine.
3. Murman.
4. Hrizokol.
5. Eudialite.
6. Beryl.