Mandarin Chinese lus keeb kwm thiab xov xwm

Tuam Tshoj - ib tug loj heev lub teb chaws nrog cov neeg nyob coob. Tam sim no nws yog lub tsev mus rau ntau tshaj ib tug billion neeg. Tej zaum hais tias yog vim li cas nyob rau hauv lub xeev siv ib tug ntau yam ntawm dialects thiab dialects. Txawm tias no heev muaj lub official lus, uas yog consumed nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov cheeb tsam. Nws kuj muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm qhov ncauj thiab sau ntawv. Yog li ntawd, peb kawm tau hnub no seb ib yam dab tsi nyob rau hauv ntau Mandarin lus nrog citrus, raws li zoo raws li nyob qhov twg thiab los ntawm leej twg nws yog siv.

Qhov twg?

Hais txog ntawm lub suab hais lus, peb yuav tsum pib los ntawm lub tsev. Mandarin Chinese yog tsis tsuas cov feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Nws kuj suav hais tias yog lub ntsiab lub suab hais lus pab pawg. Uas tau tso npe thov ntawm no thiab cov Suav Mandarin lus. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau ib tug yeej muaj tseeb Mandarin Dungan, nws yog feem ntau xa mus rau raws li nws lub "Mandarin" (los ntawm lo lus "Putonghua"). Qhov no lub npe tej zaum yuav tau kev txaus cai. Txawm tias lus Mandarin no occupies xwb ib feem ntawm ib pab pawg neeg. Tab sis qhov no lub npe yog vim Mandarin Western ntaub ntawv, tshwj xeeb yog Europeans. Nyob rau hauv kev to taub lub inhabitants ntawm lub CIS yog Suav lus - yog Mandarin, los yog Putonghua hom.

Ntau Mandarin

Raws li hais ua ntej lawm, qhov no lub suab hais lus tsis yog tsuas yog Putonghua (Mandarin), tab sis lwm yam dialects. Lawv nyob nraum muab faib mus rau hauv 8 pawg. Thiab ua tsaug rau lub txwv kom muab zais qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws. Piv txwv li, yog ib tug pab pawg ntawm sab qaum teb-eastern dialects. Nws tsis yog nyuaj rau twv hais tias nws twb siv los ntawm lub inhabitants ntawm no cheeb tsam ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Muaj kuj yog ib tug pab pawg ntawm Beijing, qhov twg cov pej xeem hauv lub capital hais lus.

Muaj, ntawm chav kawm, ntau koom haum ua teb los ntawm kev uas neeg zoo tib yam yooj yim to taub lub suab hais lus teej tug muaj. Piv txwv li, tszyanhuayskaya pab pawg occupies ib tug me me rau thaj tsam, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub Yangtze River. Ntawm lwm yam, muaj chzhunyuanskaya, maum muas lwj-yin, Chi-Lu thiab Jiao-Liao pab pawg. Lawv nyob ib cheeb tsam loj. Tab sis feem ntau, tej zaum, yuav muab suav hais tias rau sab qab teb-western pab pawg. Nyob hauv daim duab qhia hauv qab no, tsaus ntsuab pleev xim rau tej qhov chaw uas Mandarin siv.

Tsis tas li ntawd

Nrog rau lub Mandarin lus, muaj tseem yog tsis tshua muaj heev nyob rau hauv lub Mandarin pab pawg neeg. Piv txwv li, Jin nws siv xwb 45 vam tus neeg. Lawv nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm Shanxi, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb yog ib feem ntawm Shaanxi thiab Hebei.

Beijing ceg

Qhov no muaj xws li xya loj dialects. Ntawm cov feem ntau zoo-paub: nyob rau hauv Beijing thiab Putonghua (Mandarin yam lus). Ntawm lwm yam, muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb lub suab hais lus, uas nyob rau hauv tus muaj xws li cov hauv paus hniav rau tus qauv lus Suav. Tsis tau lawv yog distinguishable vim hais tias ntawm nws cov kis thiab lub muaj.

Muaj Karamay, Hailar, chifensky dialects, raws li zoo raws li adverbs thiab Chengde Jin, hais ua ntej lawm. Tag nrho cov lus ntawv, nyob rau hauv particular, mus rau lub Beijing ceg thiab feem ntau to taub rau cov neeg uas tab tom kawm Suav li cov feem kev.

officially

Cov hauj lwm hom lus ntawm Tuam Tshoj yog Mandarin Chinese. Nws muaj 10 lub suab hais lus pab pawg. Yuav kom sib txuas lus rau cov pejxeem siv cov txheej txheem lus Suav, uas ntawm no yog hu ua Putonghua. Nws kuj yog siv nyob rau hauv Singapore (Huayu) thiab nyob rau hauv Hong Kong, thiab Taiwan nws yog hu ua guoyu. Putonghua yog feem ntau hu ua lub suab hais lus hais hais lus. Nyob rau hauv sau ib txuj hu ua baihua.

foundation

Raws li hais ua ntej lawm, Putonghua hais txog lub Beijing lub suab hais lus, uas belongs rau lub Mandarin pab pawg neeg. Cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm cov lus conforms rau tag nrho cov qauv, uas yog enshrined nyob rau hauv cov zajlus tej hauj lwm.

lub npe

Putonghua tej zaum yuav hu ua nyob rau hauv txawv cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Cov hauj lwm lub npe yog siv ncaj qha nyob rau hauv Beijing thiab cov cheeb tsam surrounding. Raws li hais ua ntej lawm, nyob rau hauv Singapore nws yog hu ua Huayu, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv Malaysia. Tab sis nyob rau hauv Taiwan - guoyu. Putonghua nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob thiab tag nrho cov tau txais ib tug coj txawv txawv lub npe - Mandarin lus. Nws tag nrho cov pib raws nraim nrog European ntaub ntawv. Ntxiv mus, muaj yog qhov thiaj li hu ua kev hlub yog tsis yog tus Mandarin thiab Mandarin tag nrho cov pab pawg neeg.

Ntxiv mus, rau sab hnub poob feem ntau siv rau no xyov lub suab hais lus lub sij hawm - Standard Mandarin. Nws muaj ntau cov kev xaiv: .. "Mandarin", "Mandarin", thiab lwm yam Nyob rau hauv Russia, tsis tau paub qhov txawv ntawm Putonghua thiab nws cov txheeb dialects. A "citrus" kev xaiv tsis yog txais los ntawm cov kev kawm hauv zej zog. Txawm hais tias tawm rau "witty" siv lub npe.

Portuguese cov hauv paus hniav

Mandarin tshuav no "citrus" Portuguese title. Ob peb cov neeg paub hais tias Suav Mandarin yog tej zaum hu ua Guanhua. Cia, nws translates li - "bureaucratic hais lus." Qhov no ib zaug dua qhia tau hais tias Putonghua yog tsuas yog tus txawj ntse thiab well-nyeem neeg.

Nyob rau hauv Portugal, feem ntau high-qeb duas ua hauj lwm hu ua "mandarins", uas meant "lub minister, ib tug tub ceev xwm." Nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm Imperial Tuam Tshoj yog Portuguese thiaj hu ua influential neeg. Yog li ntawd, ib tug me ntsis tom qab ntawd nws los tshwm sim rau vellum Guanhua thiab Putonghua tau txais kev lub npe - "Mandarin".

Ib hom ntawm "mandarin"

Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, sib nrug los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias Putonghua - lub suab hais lus yog heev, nws tseem muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej pab pawg. Qhov no yog vim feem ntau mus rau lub fact tias, thaum muab raws li ib tug hauj lwm lub suab hais lus, cov cheeb tsam uas muaj yav tas los tsis hais lus ib yam lub suab hais lus ntawm Mandarin, Putonghua reformatted nyob rau hauv nws version. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub dialects ntawm Mandarin lus, raws li hais ua ntej lawm, muaj ntau nyob rau hauv lwm cov cheeb tsam. Cov lawv guoyu Taiwan, Singapore Huayu, raws li zoo raws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm Putonghua - guandunsky.

keeb kwm hauv paus

Ua ntej Putonghua siv yav tas los ib tug kev qhov ncauj daim ntawv ntawm sab qaum teb lub suab hais lus - Guanhua. Muaj ib tug tau hais tias nws pib coj zoo lawm raws li thaum ntxov raws li 1266. Ces Suav capital tau pauv mus rau hauv ib ncig ntawm niaj hnub Beijing. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, nws pib nws reign Yuan Dynasty. Nyob rau hauv 1909, nws los ua lub npe hu guoyu, uas tej lub sij hawm yog ib qho hauj lwm txheem. Tom qab ntawd, nws twb renamed nyob rau hauv Putonghua. Qhov no tus txheej txheem muaj xws li tsis tsuas sau tab sis kuj hais lus nruab nrab.

Leej twg hais tias?

Ua ntej cov tub ceev xwm muaj ib qho teeb meem: yuav ua li cas yuav txhim khu lub nthuav ntawm Putonghua ib lub qhov ncauj sib npaug ntawm kev hais lus nyob rau hauv cov qhov chaw ntawm Tuam Tshoj, nyob qhov twg siv lwm yam dialects. Lo lus nug no twb txawm sau tseg rau hauv Suav Constitution. Tab sis kis ntawm tus txheej txheem yog qeeb txaus. Putonghua yog tam sim no siv nyob rau hauv TV thiab xov tooj cua, tiam sis tsuas yog ib nrab ntawm cov pejxeem yuav tau piav nyob rau hauv yam lus. Tsuas yog 18% siv tau ib qho adverb nyob rau hauv tsev nrog tham tau. Thiab 42% ntawm cov pej xeem hais lus Putonghua tom tsev kawm ntawv thiab tom hauj lwm.

Yuav kom tswj tau qhov teeb meem no, ib qho kev xeem twb tau ua tswvcuab, uas qhia tau hais tias cov theem ntawm kev paub txog lub suab hais lus. Txiav txim seb leej twg hais lus Mandarin lus, nws tau ua ntau yooj yim dua. Tab sis nws muab tawm hais tias cov kev tshwm sim yog tsis zoo li cas peb xav pom ntau tshaj 30 xyoo tom qab ntawd, cov kev taw qhia ntawm Putonghua.

Cov theem siab tshaj plaws yog lub "1-A". Nws yog muab tso rau cov neeg uas tau tsawg tshaj li 3% yuam kev. Feem ntau cov feem ntau, qhov no los tau ntsuam xyuas haiv neeg yug Beijingers. Thiab ntawm tus so ntawm cov pejxeem, qhov no daim duab yog tsis tshua muaj tsis tshua muaj. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv Beijing nws tau txais 90% ntawm examinees, lub ze tshaj lub nroog ntawm Tianjin tau ua tus thawj coj nrog 25% uas tau tuag lawm.

Mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv xov tooj cua thiab TV, koj yuav ua li cas tsis muaj ntau tshaj li 8% ntawm qhov uas tsis, thiab hais tias cov theem ntawm "1-B". Tias cov mej zeej ntawm lub xov xwm yuav tsum tau txais lub xeem. Yog xav tau ib tug xib fwb ntawm Suav ntaub ntawv, nws yuav tsis muaj ntau tshaj li 13% ntawm qhov uas tsis - lub theem ntawm "2-A". Txawm tias tej phem heev kev ua tau zoo Putonghua loj hlob, tsis tau yog tau to taub qhov no lub suab hais lus ntau suav. Txawm tias tej zaum lawv yuav tsis muaj peev xwm mus hais lus rau hauv lub suab hais lus.