Li cas rau cov phenomenon ntawm radioactivity? Radioactivity: Becquerel tus foundations. Cov tshwm sim ntawm radioactivity: qhov kev paub ntawm Rutherford

Qhov kawg ntawm 1895 rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nws nyob rau hauv lub xovxwm sensational ntaub ntawv hais txog cov lus qhib ntawm Conrad Roentgen ntawm ib tug tshiab hom ntawm hluav taws xob. Cov kab teeb uas paub txog lub npe hu ua X-rays yooj yim dhau los ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv - ntoo, cov duab los qhia, thiab lwm yam khoom uas muaj opaque rau tshav ntuj kev ntxhib los mos. Tus foundations ntawm cov rays yog heev zoo siab scientific ntiaj teb no. Thiab tej zaum nws yog rau no yog vim li cas hais tias lub ntiaj teb no yog tsis tam sim ntawd pom lwm kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv physics - nyob rau hauv 1896 Anri Bekkerel sab ib tug tshiab tshwm sim, namely radioactivity.

Radioactivity. Qhib ntawm Becquerel

Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, rau lawv cov discovery ntawm Antoine Anri Bekkerel , ua ke nrog lawv cov txij nkawm Curie tau txais cov Nobel nqi zog. Tom qab tag nrho, cov zaum, raws li cov Nobel Committee, qhib lub txawj radioactivity. Nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas, Henry tau txais qhov zoo tshaj plaws txoj kev kawm ntawv thiab ua hauj lwm raws li ib qho kev pab rau Aleksandra Bekkerelya, nws txiv. Tus thawj scientific ntawv ntawm Anri Bekkerelya kev txhawj xeeb kawm nto kub ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Tus foundations ntawm radioactivity Antuanom Bekkerelem tshwm sim ntau npaum li cas tom qab ntawd. Ua ntej no, ib tus paub txog koom nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov luminescence phenomenon ntawm lub teeb polarization, lub haum ntawm lub teeb muaju. Kawg ntawm lub chaw coj Becquerel doctorate nyob rau hauv physics. Tom qab ntawd, Becquerel pom hais tias tus ib feem ntawm cov tawg yog tej yam rays, uas los ntawm lawv qhov yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau cov X-ray. Nws pom hais tias yog siv nyob rau hauv lub thwmsim ntawm uranium, cov tawg yog ntau haib.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations ntawm radioactivity: Ntxiv cov kev tshawb fawb

Mariya Kyuri kuj yog ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm Becquerel. Nws tshwm sim hais tias lub phenomenon ntawm radioactivity muaj lwm yam khoom uas - thorium. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm tsis muaj leej twg paub, raws li evidenced los ntawm tshwm sim ntawm radioactivity. Thaum lub rooj sib tham, cov mej zeej ntawm lub Fabkis Academy ntawm Sciences Becquerel qhia nws tsab discovery.

Nws hais rau zaum uas cov neeg rays uas qhib rau lawv, yuav nthawv txeem tej nto. Nyob rau hauv lawv lub zog, lawv yog zoo li tus X-ray. Nthawv, tsis muaj kev ua si, qhov no tawg los ntawm tej yam tshuaj. Zaum tau pom tias nws yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm yam uas nws muaj pes tsawg leeg nrog uranium. Thiab Becquerel hu ua lub hom uranium tawg.

Yuav ua li cas tseem qhia tau hais tias lub phenomenon ntawm radioactivity?

Discovery ntawm radioactivity dhau yuav luag nyob rau hauv tus duab ntxoov ntxoo ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm lwm zaum. Tab sis, ces cov rays yog hu ua tawg. Nws pom hais tias tsis tsuas yog muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm uranium emits tawg ntawm no zoo, ib tug muab qhia nrog lwm cov tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhov no foundations yog ib tug ntawm cov landmark nyob rau hauv physics, vim hais tias cov tshwm sim ntawm radioactivity, sab los ntawm cov Becquerel, yuav qhia tau tias lub nucleus ntawm ib tug atom muaj ib tug heev complex qauv.

Nws yog nthuav tias rau lub phenomenon uas nws nrhiav tau heev los ntawm kev huam yuaj, ib tus paub txog twb muab tsub lub Nobel Peace nqi zog tib yam, uas lub Curies tau txais ntau tshaj ib tug ntev Titanic ua hauj lwm. Tab sis cov no zaum twb muab tsub sib npaug zos kev ntsuam xyuas. Tu siab rau tag nrho cov, cov chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm no zoo rau zaum tsis tau nyob rau hauv vain. Nyob rau hauv 1906, tuag ib Kyuri, thiab Becquerel dim nws los ntawm ob xyoos xwb, stepping cia nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm 57 xyoo.

Qhov scientific kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv physics

Qhov teeb meem, raws li evidenced los ntawm tshwm sim ntawm radioactivity, tseem qhib rau ib ntev lub sij hawm. Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm no kev txhiaj txhais tau txuas ntxiv mus lub ntiaj teb no-nrov npe chemists sib yuav ob peb - Mariey Sklodovskoy thiab Pierre Curie. Lawv ua tib zoo kawm tshiab tshwm sim. Lub npe "radioactivity" tau raug caw mus Mariey Kyuri-Sklodowska University.

Rau ntau zaum raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb yog kiag li untenable cov laus daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Tom qab nws tau ntseeg hais tias cov atom yog ib tug hluas thiab indivisible particle qab. Li cas rau cov phenomenon ntawm radioactivity, tiag tiag? Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws qhia tau hais tias lub fallacy ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm indivisible atoms. Qhov no saib muaj txij li thaum lub sij hawm ntawm ancient Greek scholars. Tseeb, lub npe "atom" yog txhais los ntawm Greek raws li "indivisible". Yog li ntawd radioactivity ua pov thawj ntawm complex atomic qauv ntawm cov tub ntxhais ntawd hais tias cov atom muaj ib tug heev complex qauv. Nyob rau hauv lub lwj tshiab ntsiab nws allocates ntau hom ntawm hluav taws xob: alpha, beta thiab gamma tawg.

Rutherford lub paj nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem ntawm radioactivity

Ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj txoj kev koom tes rau hauv txoj kev paub ntawm tus radioactivity twb qhia los zaum Ernest Rutherford. Nws yug los nyob rau hauv 1871 nyob rau hauv New Zealand ua liaj ua teb tsev neeg. Nyob rau hauv 1896, Rutherford lub foundations los ua lub npe hu English paub txog. "Lub phenomenon ntawm radioactivity, sab los ntawm cov Becquerel, qhia hais tias tus atom yuav tau muab faib mus rau hauv qhov chaw," - qhov no postulate yog li ntawd xav nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais Rutherford, uas nyob rau hauv 1899 luam tawm nws thawj ua hauj lwm rau uranium thiab nws cov hluav taws xob conductivity. Txoj kev tshawb no yog thaum pib ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm Rutherford nuclear transformations thiab tus foundations ntawm cov atomic nucleus.

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub sab hauv ntawm lub atom

Nyob rau hauv 1911, Rutherford yog ib qho ntawm feem koj discoveries tau ua hais tias nws lub koob meej thoob plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Zaum atomic nucleus sab. Rutherford ua lub assumption tias cov atom tej zaum yuav muaj zoo them nucleus, thiab nws yog surrounded by hais ntawm opposite xwb. Rutherford xam kwv yees li variance hais uas ya mus yav dhau los atom. Tus qauv tshiab ntawm tus paub txog tau txais los ntawm lub scientific lub zej lub zos yog skeptical. Txawm li cas los, nws los ua lub hauv paus rau lub neej tshiab nimno kev tshawb xav ntawm atomic qauv.

Kawg tso cai los ntawm Rutherford lub hypothesis

Tus kws tshawb fawb kom huv si kawm radioactivity raws li ib tug lub cev tshwm sim. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws tshawb hauv lub complex muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qauv ntawm cov uranium nyob heev xav nqus cov rays. Lawv Rutherford hu ua alpha rays. Zaum kuj tau qhib tsawg tshaj li soaking txog lub rays, uas nws hu ua lub beta-rays.

Nyob rau hauv nws sau, soj ntsuam txuas ntxiv mus kawm ua ntej lub xeem nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm lub Curies lub phenomenon ntawm radioactivity. Rutherford Kev tau qhia hais tias cov atomic radioactivity yog ib tug tshwm sim uas yog los ntawm cov tshuaj hloov ntawm lub substance. Nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshawb nrhiav nyob rau hauv kev koom tes nrog ib tug chemist Soddy, nyob rau hauv 1903, Rutherford thaum kawg qhia nws hypothesis. Nws formulated txoj cai ntawm tej lwj, thiab xim tsev ib cov saw ntawm tshuaj tshua rau yam tshuaj xws li uranium, radium thiab thorium.

Yuav ua li cas yog qhov kev paub ntawm Rutherford?

Tus paub txog muab qhov kev paub ntawm dispersion ntawm alpha hais. Lawv beam yuav tsum kis tau los ntawm ib tug nyias txheej ntawm kub ci. Rutherford xaiv kub tsis yog vim li cas: nws yog precisely no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog heev saj zawg zog, thiab vim hais tias nws twb tau mus nrhiav tau ib tug txheej thickness ntawm tshuam ib tug atom. Thaum lub sij hawm xyaum ua tej yam, Rutherford tau txais cov nram qab no cov tswvyim. Ib txhia ntawm cov alpha hais dhau los ntawm tus ntawv ci, txoj kev ua lub screen plooj.

Lwm cov yog xwb kaw nyob rau sab cov ntxaij vab tshaus. Previous soj ntsuam pom tau hais tias qhov zoo xwb nyob rau hauv lub atom mas nyob hauv nws cov tub ntxhais, nyob rau cov tub ntxhais thiab txawv atoms sib cais loj loj Team sib. A phenomenon nyob rau hauv uas ib tug tshuaj tshuaj muaj ib tug tseem ceeb nthawv emits tob tob muaj peev xwm ntawm tus hais tau hu ua tshwm sim ntawm tej yam ntuj tso radioactivity. Tam sim no nws yog lub npe hu, raws li evidenced los ntawm tshwm sim ntawm radioactivity. Nws twb pom hais tias cov atom tus nucleus muab tej txiaj ntsim uas muaj peev xwm rau tawg ua me me nthawv.

Fission saw tshuaj tiv thaiv

Rutherford kuj qhia ib co qauv ntawm tej lwj. Piv txwv li, thaum muab faib hnyav nuclei, tej zaum yuav tshwm sim nrog rau tsim ntawm ob peb free neutrons. Yog li ntawd yuav tau ib lub koom haum paub txog hu fission saw tshuaj tiv thaiv. Thaum nws free neutrons propagate nyob rau hauv ib tug nruab nrab uas muaj hnyav ntsiab ntxias tshiab neutrons. Yog hais tias qhov no ib puag ncig yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm neutrons, cov txheej txheem yog zoo li ib tug avalanche. Thaum lub xov tooj ntawm neutrons yog tsis txaus, ces tus chain reaction maj converges rau zero. Lub apparatus, nyob rau lub nuclear cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xws kev txhawb los ntawm cov khoom cua txhais tau tias, hu ua lub nuclear reactor.