Leej twg yog Ivan Fedorov? Biography Ivan Fedorov luv luv

Leej twg yog Ivan Fedorov paub, tej zaum hnub no txhua txhua schoolboy. Los ntawm cov keeb kwm cov phau ntawv rau cov me nyuam paub txog qhov tseeb hais tias tus thawj Lavxias teb sab luam phau ntawv tsim tus neeg no. Lawv kuj paub hais tias nws yog ib tug kawm ntawm Ivana Groznogo thiab heev kawm ntawv tus neeg los ntawm cov qauv ntawm uas era. Tab sis muaj ntau yam interesting cov lus tseeb ntawm lub neej ntawm no legendary daim duab yog tsis hais nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm ntaub ntawv. Raws li zoo li xwb yuav ua li cas thorny yog cov hauj lwm Lavxias teb sab pioneer.

Thawj phau ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia

Thawj phau ntawv ntawm lub poj koob yawm txwv niaj hnub Russians tau ntsib nrog kev hlub thiab kev hwm. Tab sis leej twg yog Ivan Fyodorov, lub inhabitants ntawm Russia, thiab ces tseem tsis tau paub. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov chiv keeb ntawm cov niaj hnub ntawv nyob ntev ua ntej cov me nyuam yug ntawm tus txiv neej ntawd. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog, phau ntawv twb tsis sau thiab theej. Puas nws qhia tshwj xeeb uas kawm cov neeg - cov xib hwb. Cov hauj lwm ntawm cov kws txawj yog hnyav, thiab ua hauj lwm tsim tau yog tsawg tshaj li plaub nplooj ntawv ib hnub twg.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub XV caug xyoo, lub German Johann Gutenberg yees rooj noj cov tsiaj ntawv rau printing. Qhov no invention muab ntxiv rau cov me nyuam yug ntawm tus publishing kev lag luam nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe. Tiam sis ua ntej lub Moscow luam lub tsev, thiab nws tau tsim tau nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XVI, nws tau ua thiaj tau tuaj rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub xeev. Nws tus kheej Ivan Grozny kom ua rau lub hom phiaj no yog ib tug cais tsev, uas, raws li conjectural cov ntaub ntawv, thiab Ivan Fyodorov ua hauj lwm. Pioneer briefed khub nrog cov ntawv luam ntaub ntawv luam tawm nyob rau hauv Moscow tsuas yog ob tug phau ntawv. Tsis ntev, nws twb yuam kom khiav tawm lawv tej vaj tse. Tshiab, hnyav txoj kev tsis yog mus rau lub saj ntawm copyists. Thiab qhov no yog vim li, vim hais tias cov creation ntawm typographic tshuab deprived ntawm lawv cov qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov nyiaj khwv tau.

Nyob rau hauv exile

Thawj phau ntawv printers nyob rau hauv Russia tsis ua pab koj tu siab tsis tau tsuas yog cov kev copyists, tab sis kuj rau cov pov thawj. Xeem pom nyob rau hauv lub tshiab txoj kev heretical motive. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov kev koom tes printing tsev, nyob rau ntawm Nikolskaya Street, nws yog nyob rau hluav taws kub. Txawm li cas los, muaj lwm version raws li uas no hluav taws clergymen twb tsis txog. Xws li ib tug tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov hnub nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ntoo Moscow. Thiab tus tswv tsis tau twv hais kom tus formidable huab tais ntawm lwm cov nyiaj txais rau qhov kev siv ntawm ib tug tshiab printing xovxwm.

Tag nrho ntawm mysteries biography Ivana Fedorova. Luv luv ib tug yuav hais tias ntau xyoo ua ntej Lavxias teb sab tshuab luam ntawv yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw tsis nyob rau hauv Moscow, thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv teb chaws av. Ua ntej, Fedorov mus rau cov neeg pej xeem Duchy ntawm Lithuania, tom qab ntawd - mus Lviv, qhov uas nws twb tau mus qhib nws tus kheej kav xyuam xim.

"Tus Thwj Tim"

Biography Ivan Fedorov muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov dawb me ntsis. Tej zaum, nws twb kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Krakow. Txawm li cas los, lub tsev kawm ntawv pom tsis muaj ntaub ntawv lees tias cov Lavxias teb sab pioneer kev kawm typographic kos duab.

Nrog cov qauv rau kev Western European printing Fedorov yog paub. Tab sis rau cov ntawv ntawm cov phau ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia yuav tsum tau tsim ib tsab ntawv, yog nqus ntawm lub sawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Tshaj nws thawj phau ntawv Fedorov ua hauj lwm ib tug tag nrho lub xyoo. Pab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws muab los ntawm nws associate Peter Mstislavets. Cov phau ntawv hu ua "Tus Thwj Tim." Font nyob rau hauv no ua hauj lwm ntawm typographic kos duab yog tsis tshua pretentious thiab ntsia zoo li ib tug sau. Txhua pawg lus pib nrog ib tug loj liab tsiaj ntawv, uas yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv sophisticated ornate style. Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv no, tus sau kuj tam sim no mus rau lub Greek thiab Venetian cov qauv.

Tus tshiab ib tsab ntawm tus biography Ivana Fedorova twb nthuav. Luv luv pioneer narrated txog nws kev tshawb fawb. Raws li nws, typographic kos duab qhia nws ib tug Danish tswv.

"Breviary"

Nws tsis yog lub npe hu rau hnub no, yog li ntawd yog txhim khu kev qha cov ntaub ntawv txog koj kev kawm ntawv pioneer. Lub neej yog tag nrho ntawm mysteries Ivana Fedorova los ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm xyoo. Tab sis, ntawm chav kawm, tus txiv neej no muaj tag nrho cov professions muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub printing ntawm lub sij hawm. Lub npe nrov Lavxias teb sab pioneer tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug engraver, typographer, thiab tsim tus kheej fonts.

Qhov no kos duab ntawm tus sau los ntawm cov thawj Lavxias teb sab phau ntawv nws sau raws li ib tug khoom plig, xa los saum toj no. Nws tej hauj lwm yuav muaj ib tug ntawm sab ntsuj plig rau cov ntsiab lus. Nws yog yog li ntawd tsis tsimnyog tias tus thib ob tsab ntawm Fedorov thiab Mstislavets yog ib tug sau ntawm tej lus thov. "Chasovnyk" sawv cev rau ib yam ntawm cov earliest piv txwv ntawm cov phau ntawv. Raws li cov phau ntawv, uas muaj ib tug hnab tshos hom ntawv, cov me nyuam rau ntau xyoo los kawm nyeem ntawv.

Biography Ivan Fedorov nyuag zaj lus tim khawv txog nws cov kev ua ub nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm Russia. "Breviary" yog tus thib ob thiab kawg phau ntawv, luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub Moscow printing tsev. Tab sis lub pursuit ntawm typographic kos duab Fedorov tsis poob tus so ntawm nws lub hnub.

"Txoj Moo Zoo"

Txoj kev ntawm ib tug zoo kawg cwm pwm yog ib txwm tham thiab thorny. Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov thawj phau ntawv-tshuab luam ntawv - ib tug tiag tiag li piv txwv. Biography Ivan Fedorov nplua nuj tu siab cov txheej xwm. Muaj ntau teeb meem tos rau nws nyob rau hauv lub neej. Tab sis yog nyob rau hauv exile, nws yog tsis muaj tsawg persisted nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm phau ntawv tsim yaam tshab. Raws li nyob rau hauv Duchy ntawm Lithuania, Fedorov muaj peev xwm mus txuas ntxiv rau kev ua hauj lwm ntawm nws lub neej tag nrho. Ua ke nrog Gregory Hetman Chodkiewicz nws muaj peev xwm los tso ib tug "kws qhia ntawv txoj moo zoo."

"Nkauj"

Biography Ivana Fedorova thiab nws cov hauj lwm yog txuam nrog rau cov npe xws li Grigoriy Hodkevich, Peter Mstislavets. Cov neeg nyob rau txawv sij hawm, twb associates ntawm no kuj zoo kawg txiv neej nyob rau hauv printing. "Nkauj" - ib phau ntawv uas Fedorov twb tso lawv tus kheej. Chodkiewicz los ntawm lub sij hawm uas ceased mus coj ib tug txaus siab nyob rau hauv printing vim hais tias ntawm cov laus uas muaj hnub nyoog. Mstislavets nyob rau caw ntawm lub Lithuanian lug txhawb cov miv tsiv mus rau Vilna.

"Apostle": Tom tsov ntxhuav

Leej twg yog Ivan Fedorov, Lviv paub txhua txhua enlightened neeg. Nyob rau hauv Ukraine, acutely muaj cov tsis muaj cov lus sau cia. Wandering rau xyoo los ntawm lub zos thiab lub teb chaws, Fedorov tau pom ib ntus vaj tse nyob rau ntawm no, thiab ua tsaug rau ib tug influential noble neeg yuav tsim kom muaj ib lub rooj. tshiab "Apostle" tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub zos no. Txawm hais tias nyob hauv zos thiab yuav tsum tau mus kawm, tus luam ntawv lub tsev twb tsis ntev puas.

Nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov khoom uas tau muab lub teb chaws, Ivan Fedorov teev tseg cov txawj nyeem ntawv txog kev tsim txom phau ntawv printers los ntawm Moscow lub tsev teev ntuj.

"Primer"

Nyob rau cov nqe lus nug ntawm uas yog Ivan Fedorov, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom muab ib tug ib-lo lus teb. Tus txiv neej no yog ib tug tiag tiag li daim duab ntawm nws lub sij hawm, nws yog tus creator ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntawv nyeem, cov publisher ntawm thawj phau ntawv. Cov paub "Primer" pom lub teeb ua tsaug rau qhov no zoo heev cwm pwm.

Koj muaj peev xwm tsim ib tug approximate piav qhia ntawm Ivan Fedorov rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov keeb kwm cov ntaub ntawv thiab monuments ntawm Lavxias teb sab kos duab rau ntawm printing. Nws yog ib tug txiv neej incredibly thiv thiab tenacious. Kom txog thaum lub hnub nyoog kawg ntawm nws lub neej nws yeej tsis ceased active hauj lwm tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub arrangement ntawm cov kev luam ntawv, thiab txawm devised ib tug tub rog muab pov tiag tiag rab phom. Tu siab, nws lub hom phiaj tsis materialize vim cia li tuag.

tsev rau txim

Xeem Rhiav Fedorova yog nyob rau hauv lub nroog lub tsev kaw neeg. Nyob rau hauv Workers no printing xovxwm los pab nws yog ib tug hauv zos tub vaj ntxwv, uas nws qhov chaw nyob yog reputed yuav nyob rau hauv lub county lis kev cai thiab kev kawm center. pej thuam uas siab tau tau faib rau qhov kev phau ntawv printers, yog nyob ntawm tus ntug dej ntawm tus dej. Ntawm no, tus tswv tswj kom luam tawm txog tsib phau ntawv. Tus thawj Eastern Slavic phau Vajlugkub yog lub xeem thiab qhov loj tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab publishing pioneer. Nws kev zoo tshaj ib txhiab luam, uas nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm yog ib tug tseem ceeb tshaj.

Nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj ntawm khoom ntawm phau Vajlugkub, uas hu ua "Ostrog", nws yog los tsim thiab portrayal ntawm cov cim nyob rau hauv tsib tshiab fonts. Muaj ntau uas tsis muaj nyob rau hauv cov tsab ntawv los ntawm kev xa Ivanom Groznym, qeeb tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim phau ntawv no. Yuav kom kho ib yuav tsum tau counterparts nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws hom lus.

Txawm tias nws irrepressible tej yam txaus siab thiab zoo kawg kev mob siab, pioneer ntawm Lavxias teb sab publishing tuag nyob rau hauv abject cov neeg txom nyem. Nws raug faus nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv teb chaws av, thiab ob tug centuries tom qab kev tuag ntawm ib tug tombstone nrog nws lub ntxa zoo.