Ivan Fyodorov: Phau ntawv sau txog nws lub neej, cov duab

Thawj phau ntawv printers nyob rau hauv Russia ris lub npe Moskovitin. Tab sis xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv lub npe hu ua Ivan Fedorov. Cov biography ntawm no zoo kawg li tus txiv neej tag nrho ntawm cov txheej xwm thiab mus ncig teb chaws, ntawm uas nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb mus rau ntsiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cov ntsiab lus. Cov nyuag abstracts ntawm lub neej ntawm cov poj txiv neej los ua lub hauv paus rau lub creation ntawm cov phau ntawv rau cov kawm "Ivan Fedorov biography rau cov me nyuam." Biography ntawm tus txiv neej no yuav nthuav rau leej twg uas yog xav nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, feem ntau rau cov tub ntxhais txawj nyeem ntawv. Biography Ivan Fedorov rau cov me nyuam yuav tsum xa mus rau lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm nws kev ua ub no raws li ib tug associate thiab pioneer. Tseeb, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus nws yog tsis yooj yim sua xav txog tej yam tsis muaj prints. Thiab lub npe ntawm tus originator ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab phau ntawv - Ivan Fedorov.

cov ntaub ntawv kawm vitae

pioneer lub neej xyoo - 1510-1583. Cov kos yog hnub ntawm cov me nyuam yug ntawm Ivan Moskovitina tsis paub hais tias. Nws lub npe yog feem ntau yuav tsis tshwm sim rau hauv tsev neeg lub npe thiab qhov chaw yug. Thaum lub sij hawm Russ hu ua ib tug me me nqi zog, ib thaj nyuag muab rau Rzeczpospolita. Feem sab qaum teb lub teb chaws uas niaj hnub Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th twb paub mus txawv teb chaws Muscovy.

Nws yog lub npe hu tias nyob rau hauv ib tug hluas uas muaj hnub nyoog, Ivan mus lug thiab kawm ntawm European universities. Europeans nyeem ntawv ntaus Ivan Moskvitina - vim hais tias los ntawm lub sij hawm cov ntawv luam phau ntawv no tau lub npe hu rau ntau tshaj ib xyoo pua nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe. Kev kawm ntawv theem ntawm lub sij hawm yog txawv los ntawm yam uas nws tau pom nyob rau hauv tsev Ivan Fedorov. Biography yuav tsis muaj teb tsis dab neeg hais txog dab tsi lub tswv yim nws tau ua cov teb chaws Europe.

Tus thawj printing tsev

Ib tug interesting biography Ivana Fedorova rau cov me nyuam yuav tsum tau teev nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw ntawm tus thawj printing lub tsev, uas twb nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm peb lub teb chaws. Tus thawj typographic rhiav tau qhib nyob rau hauv Moscow. Nws ua ub no yog xav txuas nrog lub npe ntawm nws tus tswv, uas hu ua nws tus kheej Ivan Fedorov. Luv luv biography ntawm tus txiv neej no qhia hais tias qhov no yog ib tug zoo tshaj plaws nws tsis tau pib ib, thiab ua ke nrog typographer thiab nws tus khub, uas nws lub npe yog Petr Timofeevich Mstislavtsev. Raws li txoj cai ntawm Tsar Ivan qhov txaus ntshai, nyob rau hauv lub printing tau ua kev cai dab qhuas cov phau ntawv. Lub luag hauj lwm rau lub sovereign lub printing xovxwm teem tseg Ivan Fedorov. Luv luv biography ntawm cov me nyuam tej zaum yuav qhia tau tias cov thawj lub tshuab luam ntawv yog ib tug nkaus ntawm tag nrho cov lag luam - nws txiav ib tug sophisticated prints, siv lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib txiv moj coos tsob ntoo, nws tuaj nrog ib tug sau ntawm fonts, nws dai kom zoo nkauj nws thawj phau ntawv.

"Tus Thwj Tim"

Thawj luam tawm lawv phau ntawv hu ua "Tus Thwj Tim." Biography Ivan Fedorov rau cov me nyuam yuav tsis quav ntsej qhov no muaj yeeb yuj phau ntawv. Amazing vignettes, ntshiab printing fonts thiab zoo heev illustrations phau ntawv no kom ib tug ua hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab.

Muaj ntau ntawm cov "Apostle" khoom muaj cov lus ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv. Lawv commentator qhia tau hais tias nws tus kheej ib tug heev kawm ntawv tus txiv neej, paub lus txawj cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus thaum lub sij hawm. Feem ntau ntawm cov lus tau kos npe ib tsab, "Ivan Fedorov". Luv luv biography ntawm tus txiv neej no yuav tsum tau qhia tias cov phau ntawv nws luam tawm tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub behest ntawm huab tais. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm tus sau yog mus luam tawm ib phau ntawv "nyob rau hauv cov kev lom zem ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg." Tus thawj "tubtxib" tau nyiaj rau tag nrho cov kev tso cai ntawm lub Koom Txoos, thiab twb luam tawm nrog ib tug ncig ntawm 2,000 cov ntawv luam. Nws twb dim tsis muaj ntau tshaj li 60 rarities.

"Breviary"

Qhov thib ob phau ntawv, luam tawm nyob rau hauv Moscow typographic rhiav yog "Breviary." Nws sau phau ntawv txuas ntxiv mus rau yuav Peter Mstislavets thiab Ivan Fedorov. Biography Lavxias teb sab phau ntawv-tshuab luam ntawv ob peb nres rau nws ob phau ntawv no. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nws kuj yog ib tug kev cai dab qhuas ntawv, thiab tau txais mus rau cov xovxwm nrog rau tag nrho cov kev tso cai ntawm lub Koom Txoos Orthodox.

hla

Biography Ivan Fedorov rau cov me nyuam yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav raws li cov kev tu siab lub sijhawm uas nws ntawm nws lub neej. Rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm yog vim li cas tshaj li nws printing ua lag ua luam nyob rau hauv Moscow yuav tsum tau tig. Tej zaum yog vim li cas rau lawv lawm yog tsim kev puas tsuaj nyiag ua los ntawm tus tshiab warriors Ivana Groznogo - lub guardsmen. Tus thawj tshuab luam ntawv khiav cov neeg pej xeem Duchy ntawm Moscow thiab tswm nyob rau hauv lub Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, nyob rau hauv lub nroog Zabłudów, uas yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Poland. Hwjchim ci ntsa iab thawj printers thiab mus txog cov tej thaj chaw deb qhov chaw - Fedorov thiab Mstislavets loj hlob cus plaws greeted nyob rau hauv lub tshav puam ntawm lub Hetman Grigoriya Aleksandrovicha Hotkevicha. Big adherents ntawm Orthodoxy thiab ib tug supporter ntawm lub ywj pheej ntawm Duchy ntawm Lithuania, nws muaj nws tiv thaiv ua ntej lub tshuab luam ntawv. Tsis ntev ces ib me me typographic rhiav tau nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv nws patronage nyob rau hauv uas npaj cov ntawv ntawm cov phau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj Slavonic.

"Xav kom qhia tau txoj moo zoo"

Zabludovskii thawj tsab yog "qhia txoj moo zoo," luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1569. Tom qab nws tawm paths diverged thawj printers - Mstislavets mus rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Vilna, thiab tag nrho cov kev txhawj xeeb txog txoj hmoo ntawm cov printing coj tshaj Ivan Fedorov. Biography ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub neej qha tias cov ntaub ntawv tau raug muab tso rau hauv ib lub khoom hauv paus, thiab cov phau ntawv tshiab pom lawv cov txawj nyeem ntawv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub hais tias thaum lub sij hawm ntawm phau ntawv no tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas ib tug qhov chaw ntawm kev txawj ntse, raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm capital cov chaw. Sau cov khoom yog kim heev, thiab enterprising tus nplua nuj xav tau mus nqis peev nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv, tsis tu txog dab tsi sau nyob rau hauv lawv. Txawm nws yog, "qhia txoj moo zoo" tau qhia txoj kev vam meej ntawm no endeavor, thiab Ivan Fyodorov pib mus xav seb ib tug tshiab ib tsab ntawm phau ntawv.

"Nkauj"

1570 yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho lub sij hawm ntawm nyob rau hauv Zdolbunov. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo no tuaj tawm nyob rau hauv loj tus xov tooj tus naas ej "Psalms", dai kom zoo nkauj frontispisnoy engraving depicting King David ntawm Ixayees. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm feem luxurious ntawv Fedorova, uas nws muaj nplooj siab rau nws patron - nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov nplooj ntawv Emblem ntawm Khotkevych. Tu siab, peb lub sij hawm dim tsuas yog plaub cov ntawv luam ntawm cov phau ntawv - ob ntawm lawv yog cov nyob rau hauv Western teb chaws Europe - ib tug nyob rau hauv Russia thiab ib tug - nyob rau hauv lub Ukraine.

Lub Union ntawm Lublin muab Hetman Khotkevych nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim txoj hauj lwm. Nws yuav tsis pab txhawb lub tseem ceeb heev functions ntawm printing, thiab tau yuam kom tsis kam Fedorov kev pab txhawb thiab patronage. Phau Ntawv tshuab luam ntawv tus phooj ywg Zabłudów sab laug thiab tsiv mus rau hauv lub nroog. Yog li pib lub sij hawm ntawm nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Lviv.

Nyob rau hauv 1574, thawj nyob rau hauv Ukraine typographic rhiav tau nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv Lviv. Thiab dua ib sau, proofreader thiab editor nws yog Ivan Fedorov. Biography rau cov me nyuam yuav nco ntsoov kom muaj ib tug rov qab mus rau nws thawj phau ntawv-tshuab luam ntawv creation - Lviv nws thawj phau ntawv "Tus Thwj Tim" pib dua. Nyob rau hauv Lviv Fedorov kuv tsis muaj leej twg nyiaj los yog txoj hauj lwm, yog li Lviv "tubtxib" - qhov no yog tus thawj ntawm cov phau ntawv Fedorova, uas muaj nws tus kheej publishing hom. Ntawm no, cov thawj qauv sau ntawv phau ntawv twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, uas yog hu ua "ABC".

Cov hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Konstantina Ostrozhskogo

Thaum lub sij hawm, cov hmoov tshuav lub pioneer, thiab nyob rau hauv Lviv, nws pib mus nrhiav ib tug nyiaj txiag setback. Nws twb yuam kom curtail cov kev ua ub thiab txais caw qhov uas ib tug nplua nuj thiab influential tycoon - tub huabtais Konstantina Ostrozhskogo. Tub huabtais zoo siab tos txais educated neeg thiab saib lawv lub neej, li ntawd nws yog surrounded los ntawm cov alliance ntawm cov neeg zaum coj los Gerasim Smotritskaya. Muaj functioned Ostroh Academy, uas yeej yuav tsum nws tus kheej "Drukarnya" - vim hais tias nyob rau hauv cov hnub hu ua typographic rhiav. Ntawm no Ivan Fedorov koom nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj ntawm cov ntawv cim phau Vajlugkub uas yog rau overshadow tag nrho cov muaj nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm Vajtswv Txojlus prints.

Nyob rau hauv 1580 Ostroh printing tsev tso rau hauv Phau Tshiab uas Psalms. Yog li ntawd, yog ib tug "phau ntawv-ib tug sau txog tej yam uas nainuzhnyh", tus sau los ntawm Timothy M. Ivan Fedorov. Biography rau cov me nyuam yuav tsum taw tes rau tus txheem ntawm no tso tawm. Lub "phau ntawv .." yog ib tug luv luv daim ntawv teev cov ib co nqe lus los ntawm Phau Tshiab, nrog ib tug hais txog ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob rau cov nplooj ntawv ntawm cov phau Vajluskub. Nthuav tsim "phau ntawv" - ib tug cover page ntawv dai kom zoo nkauj loj loj rooj vag, caw tus nyeem ntawv mus nrhiav tau lub ntiaj teb no ntawm phau ntawv.

Ostrog phau Vajlugkub

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tus nto moo tshaj plaws tsab ntawm Ivan Fedorov nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no yog lub Ostroh phau Vajlugkub. Qhov no zoo kawg li ua hauj lwm yog cov kev cai cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm tag nrho cov Slavic neeg, thiab coj mus kuaj lub printing kos duab. Yog hais tias ib tug yuav tau luam tawm hauv phau ntawv "Ivan Fedorov. Luv luv biography rau cov me nyuam "- yees duab Ostrog phau Vajlugkub rightly tau koob hmoov nws Frontispiece. Tag nrho huvsi tsib tshooj ntawm no kuj zoo kawg phau ntawv. Ivan Fedorov tom nws nyiaj txiag tej xwm txheej, thiab xa rov qab mus rau lub nroog rau sab saum toj ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Ntawm no nws sim rov qhib lub typographic rhiav, tab sis tuag tsis pom cov kev tshwm sim ntawm lawv endeavors. Lviv mus qhib ib tug luam lub tsev cov me nyuam muaj ib lub caij nyoog rau ib tug tho kev thiab nws cov thwj tim. Fedorov raug faus nyob rau hauv Onufrievskom tojntxas nyob ze ntawm lub tuam tsev. Leej Tub thiab cov thwjtim tsim nyog pioneer Ivan Fedorov txuas ntxiv ua lag ua luam, tab sis tsis tau mus txog lub koob meej ntawm nws tus kws qhia ntawv.