Khanate - ib tug zoo ntawm tsoom fwv. Ntawm lub taub hau ntawm tej kev kawm ntawv yuav tsum Hagan, los yog ntawm ib qho ntawm cov txhais ntawm no title, "lub Khan ntawm khans." Lub sij hawm twb xub hais nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov ancient Mongolian pawg neeg Xianbi nomads.
Tseem los ntawm Tuam Tshoj
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua III BC los ntawm lub ancient alliance hu ua "Dungu", tsim nyob rau hauv txog 1100 BC, nws xaiv ib tug ntawm cov pab pawg neeg. Tshiab lub koom haum rau peb centuries hu ua nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, thiab nyob rau hauv 330 tuaj rouran khaganate. Lub xeev no, tsim ib tug pawg neeg Xianbi, lasted kom txog thaum 555 xyoo. Nyob rau hauv 402, tus nom kav lub pab pawg neeg Zsuzsanna thawj ntawm tag nrho cov pib hu nws tus kheej ib tug Kagan, yog li tsim ib tug tshiab title ntawm lub zoo tshaj plaws kav. Raws li ib tug version ntawm keeb kwm, lub npe ntawm cov pab pawg neeg yog yuav muaj nws yog ib tug contemptuous npe menyuam yaus muab rau lawv los ntawm Suav. Zsuzsanna - maj mam nkag los yog creeping. Nws yog tsis xav tsis thoob hais tias cov neeg xav tau ywj siab rau. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, Khanate - ib tug alliance ntawm cov pab pawg neeg Zsuzsanna, uas kuj yog ib tug confederation.
haib tshaj lub xeev
Thiab nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua VI los ntawm no txoj kev kawm ntawv, nyob rau hauv lem, sib cais ib pawg neeg, xav tias kheev lam tau ywj siab rau. Lawv kuj tsim lub Avar Khanate, uas muaj rau 823 mus 562 xyoo. Lub ib ncig ntawm tam sim no-hnub Slovakia thiab Croatia, Romania thiab Hungary, Serbia thiab Ukraine cas rau thaj tsam ntawm lub xeev raws li Hagan Bojan I. Tsis tau nyob rau hauv 555 lub Avars tau lub npe hu ua Turks tsim txom nomadic cov neeg yuam kom khiav tawm hauv lub steppes ntawm thaj Kazakhstan thiab txav mus rau ib tug tej thaj chaw deb txhab nyiaj ntawm lub Volga. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 565-566, npawv rau sab qaum teb Carpathians, lawv qhev cov huab tais ntawm cov Franks Sigebert kuv, defeating nws pab tub rog. Contemporaries tau li xav tsis thoob los ntawm no qhov tseeb, hais tias cov Avars ntaus nqi lub txiaj ntsim ntawm cov khawv koob. Thaum lub sij hawm nws heyday Avar Khanate ncav us txog los ntawm cov Dub hiav txwv mus rau lub Adriatic thiab lub Alps mus rau lub Elbe. Tej hwj chim Avars mus txog ua tsaug rau cov neeg txawj ntse thiab nyuaj txoj cai feemxyuam thawj coj Boyan kuv, leej twg kav lub teb chaws txij thaum nws inception nyob rau hauv 562 mus txog rau thaum nws tuag nyob rau hauv 602. Cov cunning thiab cynical thawj coj, tsis muaj hesitation, nws hloov cov phoojywg, ua kom puas tag nrho cov haiv neeg mus cuag lawv cov hom phiaj, thiab raws li ib tug tshwm sim txawm lub Byzantine huab tais Tiberius II them tribute rau nws. Khanate - ib tug nruj heev dictatorship, thiab Hagan - yog sovereign nyob rau hauv medieval nomadic hierarchy, leej twg, tsis muaj kev txwv yog kiag li tag nrho cov hwj huam.
Lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub colossus
Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm ancient sij hawm, muaj ib txwm ib tug ob peb views nyob rau tib qhov teeb meem. Yog li, xwm txheej ntaus nqi mus rau txawv haiv neeg: ib tug mongolojazychnym, rau Iranian-lingual, lub Turk. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub archaeological tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Hungary, nyob rau hauv uas nws lub teb chaws lub Avar Khanate, lub loj feem ntawm lub Avars rau Europeoids thiab tsuas yog ib tug me me stratum - mus rau lub Mongoloid. Tab sis qhov no haiv neeg tsawg ntawm cov pejxeem tau ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm, yog ib tug neeg tseem ceeb Avar lub xeev. Nws yuav lam xav tias cov neeg sawv cev ntawm qhov kev txiav txim cov neeg tseem ceeb tsis assimilate nrog lub conquered haiv neeg. Ncaim deb cov thawj yeej ntawm lub Avars tau txais nyob rau Constantinople nyob rau hauv 626. Tam sim ntawd los ntawm cov Khanate ua cais ib tug neeg pab pawg neeg - tus thawj khiav Kutrigurs niaj hnub Bulgarians. Nyob rau hauv 631, Khan Alcek, lub neej yav tom ntej uas kav Great Bulgaria tawm Kaganate nws pab tub rog tom qab ib tug tsis tau tejyam sim mus txeeb lub hwj chim. Tom ntej no Avars tsuas tiv thaiv thiab thim rov qab. Los ntawm Dalmatia Croats displace lawv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 640. Dobila Khanate Franco-Avar ua tsov ua rog, uas ntawd kub ntev li rau ib ntev lub sij hawm. Maj mam sawv tag nrho cov qhev neeg. Thiab kawg, tus xaiv cheeb tsam Pannonia Avars los ntawm cov Franks, taws los ntawm cov twb ua kevcai raus dej Hagan nyob rau hauv 899 xyoo yuav Hungarians. Avars kiag mus nyob qhovtwg li. Xwb ib zaug mighty lub xeev, uas nyob txog 3.5 centuries.
Polity feem ntau haib Kaganates
Cov lus nug tshwm sim, dab tsi yog qhov Khanate, yuav ua li cas nws ua hauj lwm, yog vim li cas disappears, feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv vain. Interestingly, lub Hagan - tus txiv neej, leej twg muaj tom qab meej hwj chim, raug xaiv los ntawm lub teb chaws los ua ke. Lub Khazar Khaganate thiab Aavrskom tus kav yog viceroy tudun entrusted nrog saib xyuas, kev npaj thiab diplomatic zog, thiab yugur, uas yog tej zaum tus pov thawj hlob. Tribute sau nobles - Tarkhans. Thiab tom qab lawv, nyob rau hauv lub hierarchy, pab pawg neeg chiefs twb, uas ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov teb chaws. Lawv raug coj tam sim ntawd thiab lawv cov neeg los ntawm cov Khanate. Tej zaum yog vim li cas, thiab zoo los ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ntiaj teb yog ib lub xeev uas yog multi-ethnic.
Lwm Turkish xeev
Turgesh ntawd kub ntev li ntev heev - los ntawm thaum pib mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub VIII xyoo pua. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua thawj coj Turgeshes Ushlik overthrow Suav tswv xeev thiab demanded rau plead Hagan Tuam Tshoj. Nws ua nws capital nroog Suyab, uas yog nws thawj koom ruam. Tag nrho cov koog tshiab Kaganate muaj 20 cheeb tsam units, txhua tus uas yog nyob rau ntawm lub 7 txhiab tus txiv neej. Lawv nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm Suav moo thiab ncav us txog ntawm Beshbaliq rau Tashkent. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 705 vim hais tias ntawm cov kev hem thawj ntawm capture los ntawm cov koom pheej ntawm lub teb chaws kaganat ib tug alliance nrog rau Tuam Tshoj, thiab faib lub as rog. Cov nram qab no rulers - Corey, Zheng, Great Suluk, nyob rau hauv uas mus txog lub zenith Khanate, coj ib tug muaj kev vam meej tsov rog nrog cov koom pheej, thiab nrog rau Tuam Tshoj. Tab sis tom qab lub tua neeg ntawm Suluk hwj chim pib npleem deb ntawm ob txhais tes ntawm nws successors, uas yog Kutsha thiab Bagá-Tarhan, Bilge thiab Tengri-Ilmysh - kawg Hagan, uas nws tuag turgesh mus nyob qhovtwg li. Muaj npib ntawm lub xeev nrog Sogdian inscriptions, minted nyob rau hauv cov rulers.
Tshiab nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw ntawm lub qub
Me ntsis lawm muaj Eastern Tyurkskiy Kaganat. Lub capital yog lub nroog ntawm Balik-Orda. Lub keeb kwm ntawm no nomadic lub xeev pib nyob rau hauv 603, tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Turkic khanate rau hauv Western thiab Eastern qhov chaw. Peb xyoo lawm, tus tshiab khiv tsim East Khanate, uas muaj ib tug ntau ciam teb ntawm Tuam Tshoj, coj nrog nws ib tug heev muaj kev vam meej kev tsov kev rog, tab sis nyob rau hauv 630, lub teb chaws twb dua invaded ntawm Turkic faj tim teb chaws. 50 xyoo tom qab ntxeev siab kok-Turks, uas tau nyob rau hauv lub rov qab los East khanate nyob rau hauv ib lub npe tshiab - kok-Turk. Thiab dua, nws rog rog tau lub pab tub rog ntawm nyob sib ze Tuam Tshoj - nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 686 ntawm Xinzhou, 694 - nyob ze Linchzhou. Ob txhais Qapagan Mochur Hagan, uas kav los ntawm 693 mus 716 xyoo, ntse invaded Tuam Tshoj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 698 thiab yeej lub imperial pab tub rog. Ua raws li nws 6 rulers xws kev vam meej yog tsis tiav. Thiab thaum kawg, Kulun-bek, Khanate nyob rau hauv 745 pab tub rog, lub troops yeej Uighur Khan Ntxuav-Chura. Kok-Tyurkskiy Kaganat cheeb tsam ntawm 4 lab square kilometers, tsim nyob rau hauv 682, mus nyob qhovtwg li.
Tshiab muaj zog kev kawm ntawv
Karluk Khanate, uas sawv 11 xyoo tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub kok-Turk - kuj Turkic lub xeev, thiab nws muaj rau 940 mus 756 xyoo. Lub cheeb tsam nyob ntawm lawv, qhov chaw muaj ntawm ISSYK-txias thiab Balkhash los ntawm nruab nrab Syr Daria rau Dzhungarskiy Tau. Xws li yog nyob rau hauv lub chav niaj hnub Kazakhstan. Karluk Khanate cov hauv paus hniav loj hlob tawm ntawm lub thaj ib sab ntawm lub disintegrated ib zaug (nyob rau hauv 603) ntawm lub Turkic lub xeev. Thaum ib tug tej lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub muaj zog tus ntawm Tuam Tshoj, thaum pib ntawm lub VIII xyoo pua Karluk (lub inhabitants ntawm cov cheeb tsam) pib ib gradual tsiv teb tsaws rau sab hnub poob. Hais txog lawv lub npe hu txij thaum V caug xyoo. Nws kuj multibreeding zej zog - nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg tuaj koom lub VII xyoo pua, pab pawg neeg xws li Bulak, chigil thiab Tashlyk. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm cov hauv qab no pab pawg tau txais muaj zog rau yav tom ntej tshiab Kaganate yeej ob peb loj yeej. Yog li ntawd, lawv tau pab lub koom pheej nyob rau hauv 751 yeej nyob rau hauv Talas, los yog Atlahskoy (Talas hav Atlah lub nroog), cov sib ntaus sib tua tiv thaiv Tuam Tshoj (Tang Dynasty). Lawv tiv thaiv thiab Eastern Turkic Khaganate. Tab sis lub hwj chim ntawm Karluk, uas paub ib ce, tsis kav ntev. Nws twb dhau lawm absorbed los ntawm lwm Turkic kawm ntawv - sab hnub tuaj Turkestan, qhov qaug dab peg ntawm 940, lub capital ntawm Karluk Khanate Balasgun. Txawm li cas los, ib feem ntawm cov pejxeem muaj kev tswj kev khiav hla tus dej Los yog, qhov ntev nyob rau hauv lub Xya Hav dej, qhov chaw uas lawv tau tsim ib tug tshiab lub xeev hu ua Karluk Khanate. Nws tau los ua tus capital nroog Kaylaka.
Qhov tu siab txoj hmoo
Nyob rau cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi lub Khanate, cov lus teb yog hais tias nws yog purely Asiatic daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv. Tsis pom qhov twg nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe los yog America yeej tsis tau xws formations. Nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Asia, muaj ib tug heev heev - muaj txawm tias ib tug Lavxias teb sab Khanate nyob rau hauv lub Lower Don. Nws, dhau lawm, mus nyob qhovtwg li nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub IX xyoo pua. Raws li keeb kwm qhia tau hais tias, kuj unlucky daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv - tag nrho cov kaganats tau puas lawm, thiab muaj coob tus neeg zoo tsis muaj kab los yog yaj cov lwm pab pawg neeg, xws li cov Khazars, thiab Avars. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov Turkic lub xeev yog ib qhov nyuaj rau overestimate. Vim cov tub rog expansion ntawm lub East kab lis kev cai yog enriched los ntawm lub achievements ntawm tus ancient civilizations ntawm lub Mediterranean. Muaj ntau pab pawg neeg tawm ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab tau mus rau Western teb chaws Europe, nyob rau hauv txoj kev assimilated nrog tus neeg ciaj rau tej qhov chaw ntawm no haiv neeg.