Ib suam ntawm carbohydrates, tus nqi thiab kev qhia txog lawv.

Carbohydrates - organic tebchaw nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg uas feem ntau muaj xws li peb tshuaj hais: Carbon, Hydrogen thiab cov pa. Ib tug ntau ntawm carbohydrates nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau cov ntsiab muaj Phosphorus, Sulfur, thiab Nitrogen. Cov biopolymers lug faib nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Biosynthesis ntawm carbohydrates nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag yog ua raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm photosynthesis. Carbohydrates ua txog 80-90% ntawm cov qhuav nyhav ntawm cov nroj tsuag.

Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, lub concentration ntawm carbohydrate raws li nyob rau hauv lub qhuav rau lub teeb meem ntawm txog 2% feem pua. Carbohydrates yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tshuaj muaj zog rau lub cev. Splitting ntawm carbohydrates yog ntawm kev tseem ceeb rau cov hauj lwm ntawm ib co kabmob. Piv txwv li, ib co koom haum sib ntsib lawv xav tau kev pab mas vim lub splitting ntawm zib: lub paj hlwb - los ntawm 80%, lub plawv - ntawm 70 - 75%. Carbohydrates tso nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm tus kab mob raws li ib tug hloov as (glycogen). Ib txhia ntawm lawv ua kev pab txhawb nqa zog (hyaluronic acid), muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tus tiv thaiv zog, ncua txoj kev loj hlob ntawm microbes (hnoos qeev) yog cov tshuaj lub hauv paus rau qhov kev siv ntawm biopolymer molecules, Cheebtsam ntawm lub zog tebchaw, etc.

Ib suam ntawm carbohydrates.

Tag nrho carbohydrates yog muab faib ua ob pawg: monosaccharides (yooj yim carbohydrates , los yog monosaccharides), polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates los yog polyose), uas muaj xws li ib tug ob peb residues monosaccharide molecules txuas ua ke.

Ib suam ntawm carbohydrates: monosaccharides.

Lub monosaccharides muaj ib tug aldehyde pab pawg neeg hu ua aldoses, thiab cov neeg uas muaj ib tug ketone pab pawg neeg, - ketosis. Los ntawm tej yam yooj yim carbohydrates yog aldehyde thiab keto alcohols nrog ib tug carbon tooj tsis tsawg tshaj li peb. Raws li cov xov tooj ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms Monosaccharides raug muab faib ua trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, etc.

Triose. Yog muaj nyob rau hauv ntaub so ntswg thiab lub cev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov esters ntawm orthophosphoric acid li cov intermediate khoom ntawm carbohydrate metabolism thaum lub sij hawm glycolysis tshua thiab fermentation. Tetroses. Tseem ceeb tshaj, tus erythrose, muaj nyob rau hauv ntaub nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov orthophosphoric acid ester - cov khoom pentose pathway carbohydrate oxidation. Pentose. Feem ntau ntawm cov pentose yog tsim nyob rau hauv tus tib neeg lub digestive ib ntsuj av tau raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm hydrolysis ntawm lub pentosans ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub. Part pentoses tsim thaum lub sij hawm intermediary metabolism, nyob rau hauv kev nyob rau hauv lub pentose pathway. Nyob rau hauv ntaub so ntswg pentoses yog nyob rau hauv free xeev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ortofosfatnoi acid esters muaj nyob rau hauv lub zog-nplua nuj tebchaw (ATP), nucleic acids, coenzymes (NADH, fad) thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb biosoedineny. Tshwj xeeb yog noteworthy yog cov pentose arabinose, ribose, deoxyribose, xylulose. Hexoses. Lawv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub dawb lub xeev nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm polysaccharides thiab lwm yam sib txuas. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm carbohydrates yog piam thaj, fructose, galactose, Muñoz.

Ib suam ntawm carbohydrates: disaccharides.

Disaccharides - yog carbohydrates, cov molecules ntawm uas nyob rau hydrolysis phua ua ob molecules ntawm hexoses. Rau disaccharides xws li maltose, sucrose, trehalose, lactose.

Thaum tis npe disaccharides kheev siv cov npe dabneeg yog tsim (lactose, maltose, sucrose), tsawg kawg - thiab muaj kuab IUPAC nomenclature.

Disaccharides - khoom crystalline yeeb tshuaj, zoo soluble nyob rau hauv dej, optically active, Sweet saj, muaj peev xwm mus acid los yog enzymatic hydrolysis, tej zaum yuav tsim esters.

Ib suam ntawm carbohydrates: gomopolisaharidy thiab heteropolysaccharides. Muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj xws li ib tug ntau yam pauv loj npaum li cas gomopolisaharidov ib monosaccharide residues: qabzib, Muñoz, fructose, xylose, etc. Lawv yog cov spare (redundant) as-ham rau lub cev (glycogen, inulin, starch). Molecules heteropolysaccharides muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntau monosaccharides.