Poov tshuaj chlorate

Heev feem ntau nws yog ib yam tshuaj hu ua poov tshuaj chlorate ntsev, ib tug chemist los ntawm lub npe ntawm Fabkis - Berthollet, uas qhib lub poov tshuaj chlorate, cov mis uas yog kaw li KClO3. Berthollet nyob rau hauv lawv cov thwmsim tau txais cov ntaub ntawv uas los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv alkaline daws nyob rau hauv high school kub thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no twb tau poov tshuaj tshuaj dawb, poov tshuaj chlorate thiab peb cov dej lwg me me. Yog hais tias peb tsom xam cov mis ntawm lub substance, yuav tsum xyuam xim rau dab tsi bertoletova ntsev nplua nuj heev nyob rau hauv cov pa.

Externally bertoletova ntsev yog ib tug tsis muaj kob muaju uas muaj ib tug ntom ntawm 2,32 grams tauj ib nyhav centimeter ntawm ib tug kub 356oS pib rau yaj thiab nyob 400 ° C - decompose. Lub solubility ntawm lub substance yog 3,25 grams tauj ib puas grams ntawm ib tug aqueous tov ntawm ib tug kub ntawm 0 ° C. Nrog ua kub lub solubility ntawm poov tshuaj chlorate tsub kom raws li zoo.

Nrog txaus cua sov kub nws yog heev yooj yim mus rau "ncaim" oxygen atoms uas yuav muab tso tawm kom los ntawm xws li ib tug kab zauv: 2KClO3 = 2KCl + 3O2.

Feem ntau, rau poov tshuaj chlorate yog reacted, nyob rau hauv uas cov tshuaj pa roj yog dhau nyob rau hauv yuam cua siab los ntawm ib tug kub tshuaj ntawm poov tshuaj - hydroxide los yog carbonate.

Thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog hydroxides, tshuaj chlorine ua kwj yog qhia los ntawm ib tug 30% poov tshuaj hydroxide tshuaj, thiab thaum twg siv raws li ib lub lim carbonates xws ua concentrated mus rau ib theem ntawm 45% poov tshuaj carbonate tshuaj.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas thaum lub sij hawm lub lag luam no lub resulting muaju tshuaj tsis txhaws cov roj-nqa paths yuav tsum yog li ntawd muab pab thaum lub sij hawm alonzha cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Ces, poov tshuaj chlorate, tau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm muaju yuav tsum tau lim los ntawm iav ntaub plaub thiab qhuav zoo. Nws yuav tsum tau zam rau cov kev siv cov lim technology ntawv cov ntaub ntawv vim hais tias bertoletova ntsev yuav hnov mob nrog lub fiber muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv, thiab ua ib qho tawg.

Muaj ntau ntau txoj kev los ntawm kev uas koj yuav tau txais poov tshuaj chlorate ntsev. Peb piav qhia txog ib co ntawm lawv.

Flag hwj Wurtz 5-10 grams permanganate, thiab ces siv ib tug funnel uas muaj yav tas los lawm tsim nyog mus tau ntxig ib hwj nrog cov tshuaj, ib tug tawg ntawm txog 30-70 millimeters ntawm concentrated hydrochloric acid. Zoo feem ntau ua nrog, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv no txoj kev zoo tswj los ntawm tus nqi ntawm tsim ntawm tshuaj thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Tau poov tshuaj chlorate los ntawm electrolysis thiab yuav pab tau. Rau lub hom phiaj no yog ib tug concentrated tshuaj ntawm zoo tib yam ntsev decomposed hluav taws xob tam sim no. Qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog nqa tawm raws li nram no. Nws yuav siv sij hawm ib qhov nqi ntawm ntsev, qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas tsis yog-iodized thiab ntxhib. Qhov zoo tshaj ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm ob electrodes ntawm graphite, iav, hluav taws xob nyob ntawm tej, ib lub beaker, ib tug bottomless hwj Wurtz. Nyob ntawm tej kev cob cog rua rau lub kauj ruam-down transformer ntawm ib tug rectifier uas converts AC rau DC. Electrolysis twb tau soj xyuas ntawm ib tug tov kub ntawm 70 - 80 degrees.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntaub ntawv poov tshuaj tshuaj dawb, uas yog ntau npaum li cas soluble nyob rau hauv dej tshaj bertoletova ntsev. Yog li ntawd, tom qab lub chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, poov tshuaj chlorate tso rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cov hlab thiab cov poov tshuaj tshuaj dawb yog yaj nyob rau hauv dej.

Thaum ua tau zoo ntau yam thwmsim thiab tshua nrog rau cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw tsim nyog them sai sai rau lub fact tias mixtures, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog cov ntaub ntawv organic - tsis tshua muaj neeg heev, raws li zoo raws li "rhiab" mus rau teb rau tag nrho cov hom ntawm punches, raug kub muaj peevxwm. Cov qhov tseem active tshuaj uas hnov mob nrog cov chlorate ntsev xws li cov leej faj, antimony, li ib txwm carbon dub, liab phosphorus, txawm qab zib thiab cov hmoov txhuv nplej.

Ib qho txaus ntshai yog poov tshuaj perchlorate - poov tshuaj Perchlorate. Qhov no compound muaj ib tug heev haib heev, yog li yog siv raws li ib tug "ua hauj lwm nruab nrab" nyob rau hauv grenades, projectiles thiab mines. Thaum lub caij nyoog cia sij hawm, qhov no compound yuav nthawv zes.