Organic tebchaw thiab lawv kev faib

Cov kev faib yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb xav ntawm cov organic tebchaw, cov tshuaj qauv ntawm A. M. Butlerova. Systematic kev faib - lub hauv paus ntawm kev nomenclature. Tsaug rau nws, nws tau los ua tau muab ib lub npe rau txhua tus ntawm cov yav tas los paub thiab tshiab organic teeb meem, uas yog siv nyob ntxwv mis.

Cov chav kawm ntawm cov organic tebchaw

Organic tshuaj yog txwv kom muab zais los ntawm ob lub ntsiab yam ntxwv: lub localization thiab tus xov tooj ntawm functional pawg nyob rau hauv lub molecule thiab cov pa roj carbon skeletal qauv.

Carbon cev pob txha nruab nrab yog ib tug moiety uas yog sufficiently ruaj khov nyob rau hauv ntau yam tshuaj. Organic tebchaw raug muab faib ua ib pawg loj loj, thaum noj mus rau hauv tus account lub molecular qauv ntawm cov organic teeb meem.

Acyclic tebchaw (biosoedineniya fatty los yog aliphatic compound). Cov organic tebchaw nyob rau hauv lub molecular qauv muaj xws li ncaj los yog branched saw carboxylic.

Carbocyclic compound - ib yam khoom uas nrog kaw carboxylic chains - mus. Cov biosoedineniya muab faib mus rau hauv pab pawg: muaj ntxhiab thiab alicyclic.

Heterocyclic ntuj organic tebchaw - tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov molecules uas muaj ib tug nplhaib tsim ntawm carbon atoms thiab atoms ntawm lwm yam tshuaj ntsiab (Pa, Nitrogen, Sulfur) heteroatoms.

Tebchaw ntawm txhua leej (pab pawg neeg) muab faib ua kawm txawv ntawm cov organic tebchaw. Organic tshuaj teej tug mus rau ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov kuaj nyob rau hauv nws cov molecule ntawm tej yam functional pawg. Piv txwv li, lub chav kawm ntawm hydrocarbons (lub xwb chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic tebchaw uas tsis muaj kev haumxeeb pawg), amines, aldehydes, phenols, carboxylic acids, ketones, alcohols, etc.

Yuav kom txiav txim organic compound teej tug mus rau cov chav kawm ntawv tus xov tooj thiab emit carbon lub cev pob txha los yog ib tug carboxylic saw (acyclic kev twb kev txuas), lub voj (carbocyclic compound) los yog keeb (heterocyclic tebchaw). Tom qab txiav txim seb tus nyob rau hauv lub molecule ntawm cov organic teeb meem lwm yam atomic (functional) pab pawg, e.g., hydroxyl - OH, carboxyl - COOH, amino, imino, sulfgidridnoy pab pawg neeg - SH, etc. Lub functional ib pawg los yog tej pawg txhais biosoedineniya teej tug mus rau ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv, nws cov ntsiab lub cev thiab tshuaj zog. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias txhua functional ib pawg tsis tau tsuas yog qhia txog cov khoom, tab sis kuj muaj feem xyuam lwm yam atoms los yog atomic pawg, simultaneous xeem thiab lawv cov cawv.

By hloov nyob rau hauv lub lwg me me ntawm acyclic thiab cyclic hydrocarbons los yog heterocyclic tebchaw Hydrogen atom rau txawv functional pawg npaj organic tebchaw uas yuav mus rau ib tug tej yam hauv chav kawm ntawv. Ntawm no yog ib co haumxeeb pawg neeg uas txiav txim ua tswv cuab ntawm ib tug organic compound mus rau ib tug kev chav kawm ntawv: hydrocarbons RH, halogenated hydrocarbons - R-Hal, aldehydes - R-COH, ketones - R1-CO-R2, alcohols thiab phenols R-OH, carboxylic acid - R-COOH , ethers - R1-O-R2, galogenoangidridy carboxylic acids R-COHal, esters R-COOR, nitro - R-NO2, sulfonic -R-SO3H, organometallic tebchaw - R-kuv, mercaptans R-SH.

Organic tebchaw muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov molecular qauv haumxeeb pab pawg neeg, xa mus rau raws li organic tebchaw uas yooj yim zog, ob los yog ntau tshaj - tebchaw nrog mixed zog. Piv txwv ntawm cov organic tebchaw uas yooj yim zog tej zaum yuav hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, amines, carboxylic acids, nitro tebchaw, etc. Piv txwv ntawm lub tebchaw nrog mixed zog tej zaum yuav tau tej cov hydroxy, keto, etc.

Kev tseem ceeb yog txoj bioorganic tebchaw: cov nqaijrog, proteid, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, molecules nyob rau hauv uas ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntau functional pawg.