Hydrolysis tswvyim. Txog zauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus txheej txheem: hydrolysis qhov thiab cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm hydrolysis

Los ntawm hydrolysis ntawm lub ntsev yog meant cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov dej lwg me me thiab molecules ntawm yaj ntsev. Raws li ib tug ntawm xws li ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tsim little- dissociated compound. Cov txheej txheem yuav tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog nrog ntsev, tab sis nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm lub xub ntiag nyob rau hauv cov dej ntawm lwm cov solutes - carbohydrates, cov nqaijrog, Sibhawm, los yog esters. Txaus, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ob ntau yog siv - cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm hydrolysis (β) thiab ntsev hydrolysis qhov (K [i]).

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no feem ntau yog cai hloov nyob rau hauv thawj zaug tshuaj acidity. Siv cov organic hnyav (dej) muaj peev xwm yuav siv tau ib tug hnyav ntawm lwm hom. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov kuab thiab ntsev hu ua solvolysis.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub hais tias muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub hydrolysis ntawm tsuas yog cov ntsev uas yog derived ntawm lub Cheebtsam ntawm tsis muaj zog bases thiab acids. Ntsev derived ntawm muaj zog acids thiab bases, lub hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tsis raug.

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tuab cov txheej txheem khiav txoj kev paub, siv ib tug tshwj xeeb txhais - degree ntawm hydrolysis (β). Lub degree ntawm hydrolysis txiav txim seb tus txheeb ze magnitude ntawm lub concentration ntawm molecules uas hydrolyze (C [hydraulic]) mus rau tus thawj (qhov chaw) muaj ib tug concentration ntawm yaj ntsev (C [nyob.]). Lej no yuav tsum qhia los ntawm cov nram qab no kab zauv: β = C [hydraulic] / C [nyob.].

Raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau peb yam tseem ceeb:

- qhov ntawm lub ions tias ua li tus ntsev;

- ntsev concentration ntawm ions;

- cov tshuaj kub.

Lub degree ntawm hydrolysis nyhav kom nrog txo ntawm lub dissociation qhov ntawm cov uas qaug zog acid los yog lub hauv paus, raws li tau zoo raws li kom txhob muaj cov degree ntawm ntsev concentration thiab ua kub.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tshwm sim nyob rau appreciable twg xwb nyob rau hauv nta kev daws teeb meem. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias tus nqi ntawm C [H20] muaj ib tug kwv yees li ntawm qhov tus nqi, ces nws yuav tau los mus laij lub derivative nqi K [i] (los yog hydrolysis qhov). Nyob ntawm seb tus kwv tij thaj chaw ntawm acids thiab bases uas ntsev raug tsim, hydrolysis zaum yuav tshwm sim los ntawm ib qho ntawm peb schemes, thiab yog li ntawd ib tug tsis tu ncua ntsev hydrolysis yog xam txawv ib tug.

Hydrolysis ntawm ntsev uas yog derived qhov chaw ntawm ib tug muaj zog acid thiab ib tug tsis muaj zog puag (kuj hu ua txheej txheem - los ntawm ntawv hydrolysis)

hydrolysis qhov yog txiav txim los ntawm lub hauv qab no mis: K [i] = K [W] / K [puag], qhov twg K [W] - qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ion cov khoom ntawm cov dej (C [H] + C [OH (-)]).

Los ntawm cov hydrolysis qhov qhia nws yuav pom tias nrog ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub puag yuam ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub constants ntawm hydrolysis thiab, li no, cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm hydrolysis. Nyob rau hauv lem, cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm hydrolysis nyhav kom nrog zuj zus lawm puag zog thiab cov degree ntawm concentration ntawm ntsev nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj. Ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kub kuj yuav tsub kom hydrolysis constants thiab ntau dua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm hydrolysis.

Hydrolysis ntawm ntsev uas yog derivatives ntawm ib tug muaj zog paus thiab ib tug tsis muaj zog acid (kuj hu txheej txheem - hydrolysis ntawm lub anion)

Hydrolysis qhov yog xam siv cov nram qab no mis: K [i] = K [W] / K [acid] qhov twg tus nqi K [acid] - yog dissociation qhov kev qaug acid.

Hydrolysis ntawm ntsev uas yog derivatives ntawm ib tug tsis muaj zog los luj thiab ib tug tsis muaj zog acid (lwm lub npe - hydrolysis ntawm cations thiab anions)

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub hydrolysis qhov tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau txiav txim dissociation qhov ntawm tsis muaj zog los luj thiab tsis muaj zog acid. Nws yog xam los ntawm cov nram qab no mis: K [i] = K [W] / K [acid] * K [puag].

Lub ntsiab lus hydrolysis

Lub tshua tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hydrolysis txheej txheem yog dav siv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub muaj dab. Piv txwv li, xws li ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv yog siv los purify cov dej los ntawm teeb meem admixtures thiab coarsely dispersed colloidal series. Rau lub hom phiaj no tshwj xeeb nag lossis daus ntawm hydroxides ntawm cov iron thiab txhuas, tau los ntawm lub hydrolysis ntawm ferric sulfate, ferric chloride thiab txhuas sulfate.

Hydrolysis - yog ib tug tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev zom uas muaj sia nyob rau lub ntiaj teb. Feem ntau ntawm cov zog tsim nyog rau lub neej ntawm tus kab mob, yog muab ua adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Rho tawm ntawm lub zog tshwm sim los ntawm ib tug txheej txheem uas muaj lub hydrolysis ntawm ATP.