Halogens - nws ... halogen tebchaw

Ntawm no tus nyeem ntawv yuav nrhiav cov lus qhia txog lub halo, cov tshuaj hais ntawm lub periodic rooj D. I. Mendeleeva. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm tsab xov xwm yuav tso cai rau koj los ua me ntsis txog cov lawv cov tshuaj thiab lub zog, ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm, txoj kev ntawm daim ntawv thov thiab lwm cov neeg.

General ntaub ntawv

Halogens - tag nrho cov ntsiab ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm lub periodic lub rooj uas yog nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum xya pab pawg neeg. Raws li ib txoj kev rau classifying lub stroma yog tag nrho cov ntsiab ntawm lub xya pab pawg neeg, lub ntsiab pab pawg.

Halogen - yog hais tau li cas nrog luag tag nrho cov tshuaj yooj yim hom tsuas yog ib qhov nqi ntawm nonmetals. Tag nrho cov no yog cov zog oxidizers, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob ntawm qhov, yuav tsum nyob rau hauv ib tug tov daim ntawv nrog rau lwm cov tshuaj. Qhov taw qhia halogens reactivity txo nrog nce ntawm lawv ordinal numbering.

Halogens nram qab no hais yog: fluorine, tshuaj chlorine ua, bromine, iodine, astatine thiab artificially tsim tennesin.

Raws li hais ua ntej lawm, tag nrho cov halogens - yog oxidizing nrog cov zog, dua li tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov uas tsis yog-hlau. Sab nraud muaj zog muaj xya electrons. Sis nrog co ua mus rau tsim ntawm ib tug ionic daim ntawv cog lus thiab ntsev. Yuav luag tag nrho cov halides tsuas yog fluoride, tej zaum yuav manifest nws tus kheej raws li ib tug txo neeg sawv cev, cov oxidizing degree culminating 7, tab sis qhov no yuav tsum tau hais tias lawv nrog cov ntsiab muaj ib tug ntau dua degree ntawm electronegativity.

nta etymology

Nyob rau hauv 1841, Swedish chemist J. Berzelius npaj cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov sij hawm halogen, xa mus rau lawv paub thaum lub sij hawm F, Br, I. Txawm li cas los, kom txog rau thaum cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov sij hawm nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo mus rau tag nrho cov pab pawg neeg ntawm hais, nyob rau hauv 1811, German tus paub txog thiab . Shveygger tib lo lus hu ua chloro lub sij hawm nws tus kheej txhais los ntawm Greek raws li "solerod".

Atomic qauv thiab cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation

Lub configuration ntawm cov txheej electron plhaub ntawm atomic halogen yog: astatine - 6s ² 6p ⁵ iodo - 5s 5p ^{2 5 2} 4p 4s bromo ⁵ chloro - 3s 3p ^{5 2,} Fluoro 2s ² 2p ^5.

Halogen - lub ntsiab muaj rau ntawm txheej electron plhaub hom xya electrons uas tso cai rau lawv mus rau "effortlessly" muab electron plhaub uas yog tsis txaus tag. Feem ntau, cov oxidation degree yog manifested raws li -1. Cl, Br, kuv thiab Thaum reacting nrog hais muaj ib tug ntau dua degree, pib qhia ib tug zoo oxidation degree +1, +3, +5 thiab +7. Fluoride muaj ib qhov degree ntawm oxidative -1.

kis

Vim lawv cov qib high degree ntawm reactivity ntawm halogens yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tebchaw. Loj heev nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab txo nyob rau hauv raws li nce nyob rau hauv lub atomic voos kheej-kheej ntawm F rau I. Astatine nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab rau ntawm tag nrho cov kev ntsuas nyob rau hauv grams thiab tennessin tsim artificially.

Halides yog pom nyob rau hauv cov xwm feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub tebchaw ntawm halides, thiab iodine yuav tau siv sij hawm rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm poov tshuaj los yog sodium iodate. Vim nws solubility nyob rau hauv dej tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv dej thiab brines ntawm tej yam ntuj tso keeb kwm. Lub F - sparingly tus neeg sawv cev ntawm halogen thiab ntau ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb uas sedimentary hom, thiab nws cov ntsiab qhov chaw - ib tug calcium fluoride.

Lub cev zoo yam ntxwv

Halogens nrog txhua lwm yam yuav ua tau sib txawv heev, thiab lawv muaj cov nram qab no lub zog:

1. Fluorine (F2) - ib tug hauv paus ntawm lub teeb daj xim, muaj ib tug ntse thiab khaus tsw, thiab tsis raug mus rau compression nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob kub. Lub melting point yog -220 ° C thiab cov kub point -188 ° C.
2. Cov tshuaj chlorine ua (Cl ₂₎ yog ib cov roj tsis compressible ntawm ambient kub, txawm tias thaum nyob rau hauv siab, muaj ib tug suffocating, pungent tsw thiab ib tug daj-ntsuab xim. Melting pib thaum -101 ° C thiab boil nyob rau hauv -34 ° C.
3. Bromine (Br _2), - ib tug nrov heev nthe thiab hnyav kua nrog ib tug xim av-xim av xim thiab ntse fetid tsw. Nws melts ntawm -7 ° C thiab boils ntawm 58 ° C.
4. Iodine (kuv ₂₎ - ib tug khoom hom neeg sawv cev muaj ib tug maub grey xim nqaij daim tawv, thiab nws yog yam ntxwv nws yog xim hlau ci, tsis hnov tus ntxhiab heev ntse. Melting txheej txheem pib thaum lub 113,5 ° C thiab boils ntawm 184.885 ° C.
5. Tsis tshua muaj halo - yog astatine (Thaum _2), uas yog ib cov khoom thiab muaj ib tug xiav-dub xim nrog nws yog xim hlau ci. Lub melting point sau raws nkaus Ii nyob ib ncig ntawm 244 ° C, boiling pib thiab tom qab ncav 309 ° C.

Cov tshuaj xwm ntawm halogens

Halogen - lub ntsiab uas muaj siab oxidative kev ua si uas diminishes nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia los ntawm F mus Thaum. Fluorine, raws li cov feem ntau active neeg sawv cev ntawm halogens, yuav hnov mob nrog tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov hlau, tsis suav tej paub. Feem ntau cov co neeg sawv cev yuav nkag mus kawm rau hauv lub chaw ntawm fluorine yauv txawj combustion, yog li tso tshav kub nyob rau hauv loj nyiaj.

Yog tsis muaj subjecting fluorine cua kub nws muaj peev xwm hnov mob nrog ib tug ntau ntawm uas tsis yog-hlau, xws li H2, C, P, S, Si. Lub hom tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog exothermic thiab tej zaum yuav tsum tau nrog los ntawm ib tug tawg. Rhuab, F ua rau oxidize cov seem halogen, thiab raug tawg, lub caij no yog tau thiab tsis hnov mob nrog hnyav gases inert xwm.

Thaum interacting nrog cov complex hom tebchaw, fluorine yog ib co nquag cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, e.g., oxidizing dej, tej zaum nws yuav ua rau ib qho kev tawg.

Lub reactive kuj yuav chloro, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub dawb lub xeev. kev ua si theem ntawm tsawg tshaj li fluorine, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm yuav hnov mob nrog yuav luag txhua tus yooj yim tshuaj, tab sis nitrogen, oxygen, thiab noble gases tsis hnov mob nrog nws. Interacting nrog hydrogen, cua sov rau cov chloro los yog zoo teeb pom kev zoo tsim burnoprotekayuschuyu cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog tawg.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd tshua thiab hloov Cl yuav hnov mob nrog ib tug ntau ntawm complex-hom tshuaj. Tau tshem Br thiab kuv los ntawm cua kub ntawm ib tug compound tsim los ntawm lawv nrog ib tug hlau los yog hydrogen, thiab tej zaum yuav kuj hnov mob nrog alkaline tshuaj.

Bromo sib tshua muaj siab ntseeg tshaj tshuaj los yog fluorine, tab sis tseem kom meej meej heev manifests nws tus kheej. Qhov no yog vim hais tias feem ntau ntawm bromine Br yog siv raws li cov kua, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv no mob lub degree ntawm thawj zaug concentration ntawm lwm yam sib npaug zos tej yam kev mob siab tshaj Cl. Lug siv nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog organic. Nws yuav ua neej nyob rau hauv H ₂ O thiab cov hnov mob nrog nws.

Halogen-iodo caij ntaub ntawv ib tug yooj yim tshuaj kuv ₂ thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm hnov mob nrog H ₂ O, yaj nyob rau hauv lub iodide kev daws teeb meem, txoj kev complex anions. Feem ntau ntawm halogen kuv raws nyob rau hauv hais tias nws tsis hnov mob nrog rau feem ntau ntawm cov neeg sawv cev uas tsis yog-hlau thiab maj mam reacts nrog co, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws yog tsim nyog los ua cua sov. Txij li thaum lub hydrogen reacts tsuas raug rau khaus tshav kub kub, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog endothermic.

Tsis tshua muaj halogen astatine (Thaum) exhibits reactivities ntawm tsawg iodine, tab sis yuav hnov mob nrog hlau. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm dissociation tshwm sim ob anions thiab cations.

daim ntawv sau npe

Halogen tebchaw yog lug siv los ntawm txiv neej nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov cheeb tsam. Ntuj cryolite (Na ₃ Alf ₆₎ yog siv los npaj Al. Bromine thiab iodine li yooj yim tshuaj uas feem ntau siv kws thiab tshuaj tuam txhab uas muag. Nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov khoom rau cov tsheb ntau zaus siv halogen. Teeb - qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov qhov chaw. Qualitatively xaiv cov khoom rau no ib feem ntawm lub tshuab yog qho tseem ceeb heev, raws li cov teeb ci ntsa iab rau hauv txoj kev thaum hmo ntuj, thiab ib txoj kev rau tebchaws koj thiab lwm cov neeg tsav tsheb. Ib tug ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws puas ntaub ntawv los mus tsim xenon teeb tau. Halogen cuaj kaum me ntsis ua tsis tau zoo nyob rau hauv zoo mus rau lub inert roj.

Zoo halo - yog fluorine, ib tug additive kheev siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua tshuaj txhuam hniav. Nws yuav pab kom tsis txhob tshwm sim ntawm kev kho hniav kab mob - kho hniav caries.

Xws li ib tug caij-halogen xws li tshuaj (Cl), pom nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv cov kev npaj HCl, feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm cov organic tshuaj xws li yas, roj hmab, khoom cua fibers, dyes, thiab kuab tshuaj thiab cov zoo li. D. Thiab kuj muaj cov tshuaj tebchaw yog siv raws li tshuaj dawb tso cov neeg ua hauj flax thiab paj rwb khoom, ntawv, thiab raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm tswj tus kab mob no nyob rau hauv cov dej haus.

Ceeb toom! Toxic!

Nyob rau hauv view ntawm lub siab heev reactivity ntawm halogens rightly hu ua tshuaj lom. Qhov no yog feem ntau kom meej meej muaj peev xwm mus koom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv qhia nyob rau hauv fluorine. Halogens muaj muaj zog thiab suffocating zog muaj peev xwm ntawm pib cov ntaub so ntswg sis raug zoo.

Fluoride nyob rau hauv officers thiab aerosols yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm feem uas yus ntaub ntawv ntawm cov halogen muaj teeb meem rau lwm leej lwm tus nyob beings. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nws yog tsis zoo ntaus nqi los ntawm tsis hnov tsw thiab xav tias tsuas yog nyob rau xeeb END.

Summing li

Raws li peb tau pom, lub halogens yog ib tug tseem ceeb heev ib feem ntawm lub periodic rooj, lawv muaj ntau ntau thaj chaw uas txawv nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab tshuaj zoo, atomic qauv, cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation thiab muaj peev xwm yuav hnov mob nrog hlau thiab uas tsis yog-hlau. Cov kev lag luam siv ib tug ntau yam ntawm yam, xws li los ntawm additives nyob rau hauv tus kheej kev tu cev cov khoom thiab xov tshuaj synthesis ntawm cov organic Science News for KIDS los yog bleaches. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias ib tug ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws txoj kev tswj thiab tsim teeb nyob rau hauv lub tsheb headlamp yog xenon, halogen, cuaj kaum nws yog tsis inferior thiab yog tseem siv lug thiab nws muaj nws tus kheej zoo.

Tam sim no koj paub dab tsi ib tug halo. Crossword muaj lus nug txog cov tshuaj rau koj tsis muaj ib tug hindrance.