Cov kev ua ntawm enzymes. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm enzymes nyob rau hauv lub cev

Enzymes - ib tug globular cov nqaijrog, uas pab kom dhau tag nrho cov cellular dab. Zoo li tag nrho cov catalysts, lawv yuav tsis tig rov qab lub teb, thiab yog siv los leeb nws.

Localization ntawm enzymes nyob rau hauv lub cell

Hauv lub cell, tus neeg enzymes yog feem ntau muaj thiab khiav lag luam nyob rau hauv ib tug ncaj qha txhais organelles. Localization ntawm enzymes yog ncaj qha mus txog rau cov nuj nqi uas feem ntau yog ua lub cell site.

Yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm cov enzymes ntawm glycolysis nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm. Enzymes Krebs voj voog - nyob rau hauv lub mitochondrial matrix. Lub active tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv lub lysosomes hydrolysis.

Tej yam ntaub so ntswg thiab kabmob ntawm cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag yog tsis tsuas yog nyob rau ib co ntawm cov enzymes, tab sis kuj rau lawv cov kev ua. Qhov no feature fabrics siv clinically nyob rau hauv qhov mob ntawm tej yam kab mob.

Tseem muaj hnub nyoog kev nta nyob rau hauv cov kev ua thiab teem ntawm enzymes nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg. Lawv yog cov feem ntau kom meej meej pom nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm embryonic kev loj hlob thaum cov ntaub so ntswg ntau yam zoo.

Nomenclature ntawm enzymes

Muaj ntau ntau systems ntawm lub npe, txhua tus uas yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account lub zog ntawm cov enzyme rau cov zaubmov.

• Tsis tseem ceeb. Lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj uas muab rau random cim. Piv txwv li, pepsin (pepsis - "zom", Gr.) Thiab trypsin (tripsis - "dilutes" lub Greek.)
• Meej pem. Lub npe ntawm lub enzyme yog muaj li ntawm lub substrate thiab qhov kawg ntawm "-ase". Piv txwv li, amylase accelerates tus hydrolysis ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej (amylo - "cov hmoov txhuv nplej", Greek.).
• Moscow. Nws tau txais nyob rau hauv 1961 los ntawm lub International Commission rau lub nomenclature ntawm enzymes nyob rau V International Biochemical Congress. Title yam khoom uas yog muaj li ntawm ib tug substrate thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas yog tshwmsim (ceev) los ntawm cov enzyme. Yog hais tias cov kev ua ntawm enzymes yog mus rau cov hloov ib pab pawg neeg ntawm atoms los ntawm ib tug qauv (substrate) mus rau lwm lub (cov acceptor), catalyst muaj xws li lub npe thiab cov tshuaj lub npe ntawm lub acceptor. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub amino pab pawg neeg hloov mus rau lwm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm alanine mus rau 2-oksiglutarovuyu acid koom enzyme alanine: 2-oksoglutarataminotransferaza. Lub npe no qhia:
• substrate - alanine;
• acceptor - 2-oxoglutaric acid;
• amino taus nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

International Commission tau tso ua ke ib daim ntawv teev txhua lub npe hu enzymes, uas yog tas li tshiab. Qhov no yog vim lub foundations ntawm cov tshiab tshuaj.

kev faib ntawm enzymes

Qhia enzymes rau hauv pab pawg nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev. Tus thawj muaj ob chav kawm ntawm tshuaj:

• yooj yim - muaj tsuas uas muaj protein ntau;
• complex - muaj protein ib feem (apoenzyme) thiab uas tsis yog-protein hu ua Coenzyme.

Vitamins tej zaum yuav muaj nyob rau hauv qhov uas tsis yog-protein yog ib feem ntawm lub enzyme complex. Sis nrog rau lwm cov tshuaj tshwm sim los ntawm lub active site. Tag nrho cov enzyme molecule tsis koom nrog nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem.

Thaj chaw ntawm enzymes, raws li zoo li lwm yam cov nqaijrog, yog txiav txim los ntawm lawv cov qauv. Nyob rau hauv lub catalysts yog nws tsuas leeb lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Qhov thib ob kev faib txoj kev faib cov teeb meem ntawm qhov tseeb, yog dab tsi muaj nuj nqi yog ua los ntawm enzymes. Cov no rau cov chav kawm:

• oxidoreductase;
• transferase;
• hydrolase;
• isomerase;
• lyase;
• ligase.

Qhov no zoo pab pawg neeg, lawv txawv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub hom kev tshua uas tswj enzymes muaj nyob rau hauv lawv. Nyob rau hauv tshuaj sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg ntawm cov qauv sib txawv. Thiab cov nuj nqi ntawm enzymes nyob rau hauv lub cell, yog li ntawd, yuav tsis tau tib yam.

Oxidoreductases - redox

Lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm thawj pab pawg neeg ntawm enzymes - acceleration ntawm oxidation-yuav txo tau kev tig cev. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature: muaj peev xwm tsim tau ib cov saw ntawm oxidative enzymes, nyob rau hauv uas cov kev hloov ntawm electrons los yog hydrogen atoms ntawm tus thawj substrate mus rau qhov kawg acceptor. Cov tebchaw yog sib cais raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov lag luam los yog nyob rau kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

1. Aerobic dehydrogenase (oxidase) leeb hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm electrons los yog protons ncaj qha nrog cov pa atoms. Co kuj ua tib yam nkaus, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub tshua uas tshwm sim tsis hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm electrons los yog hydrogen atoms ntawm cov pa atoms.
2. Primary dehydrogenase tshwmsim txheej txheem ntsoos ntsoos hydrogen atoms ntawm oxidizable tshuaj (cov thawj substrate). Secondary - leeb qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm hydrogen atoms ntawm ib theem substrate twb npaj los ntawm kev siv thawj dehydrogenase.

Lwm feature: ua ib tug ob-tivthaiv catalyst nrog ib tug heev tsawg txheej Coenzyme (active pab pawg neeg), lawv muaj peev xwm leeb lub teeb ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm oxidation-yuav txo tau kev tig cev. Qhov no yog tiav los ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm variants: tib Coenzyme yuav ua raws li txawv apofermentami. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, ib tug tshwj xeeb oxidoreductase nrog nws tus kheej lub zog.

Yog lwm feature ntawm no pab pawg neeg ntawm enzymes, uas muaj peev xwm tsis tsis hais - lawv kom tshuaj dab txuam nrog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog. Tej tshua yog hu ua exothermic.

Transferase - muaj

Cov enzymes ua raws li acceleration hloov lwm lub tsev tshua molecular residues thiab functional pawg. Piv txwv li, phosphofructokinase.

Faib yim pab pawg ntawm cov catalysts, raws li nyob rau hauv lub tolerable pab pawg neeg. Xav txog cia li ib co ntawm lawv.

1. Phosphotransferase - pab mus rau cov hloov residues ntawm phosphoric acid. Lawv muab faib ua subclasses raws li cov lo lus uas peb (cawv, carboxylic acid, thiab lwm yam).
2. Aminotransferase - leeb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov amino acids transamination.
3. Glycosyl - kis glycosyl seem ntawm lub lwg me me mus molecules ntawm phosphoric esters ntawm mono- thiab polysaccharides. Muab ib tug decomposition tshua thiab synthesis ntawm oligo- los yog polysaccharides nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab cov tsiaj muaj tus kab mob. Piv txwv li, lawv koom nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm sucrose cev qhuav dej.
4. Acyltransferase kis seem ntawm carboxylic acids rau amines, alcohols thiab cov amino acids. Acyl-Coenzyme-A yog ib tug ntau yam qhov chaw ntawm acyl pawg. Nws yuav suav hais tias raws li ib tug active pab pawg neeg ntawm acyltransferases. Feem ntau cov feem ntau taus acyl acetic acid.

Hydrolase - nqis nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov dej

Nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg no ntawm enzymes ua raws li catalysts rau lub cleavage tshua (synthesis tsawg dua) ntawm cov organic tebchaw nyob rau hauv uas dej yog muab kev koom tes. Tshuaj nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg no yog khaws cia rau hauv lub tawb thiab nyob rau hauv lub digestive kua txiv. catalysts molecule nyob rau hauv lub mob huam yog muaj li ntawm ib zaug xwb tivthaiv.

Qhov chaw ntawm localization ntawm cov enzymes yog lysosomes. Lawv ua tau tej kev tiv thaiv kev khiav dej num ntawm enzymes nyob rau hauv lub cell: muab siab npuab txawv teb chaws tshuaj uas tau dhau los ntawm daim nyias nyias. Lawv kuj haus cov tshuaj uas yog tsis xav tau ntawm tes, uas lub lysosomes tau dubbed kev ntxuav tu.

Lwm ntawm lawv "lub npe menyuam yaus" - lub cellular yus tua yus, vim lawv yog cov tseem ceeb lub cuab tam rau cell autolysis. Yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug kab mob, inflammatory kev tau pib, daim nyias nyias yuav permeable thiab lysosomal hydrolase tawm mus rau hauv lub cytoplasm, rhuav tseg txhua yam nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev thiab kev rhuav tseg cov cell.

Qhia los ntawm ntau hom ntawm catalysts los ntawm pab pawg neeg no:

• esterase - lub luag hauj lwm rau lub hydrolysis ntawm esters ntawm alcohols;
• Glycosidase - leeb hydrolysis ntawm glycosides, nyob ntawm seb uas isomer lawv khiav lag luam, emit α- los yog β-glycosidase;
• peptide hydrolase - lub luag hauj lwm rau lub hydrolysis ntawm peptide bonds nyob rau hauv cov nqaijrog, thiab nyob rau hauv tej yam tej yam kev mob thiab rau lawv cov synthesis, tab sis qhov no txoj kev yog tsis siv nyob rau hauv protein synthesis nyob rau hauv nyob hlwb;
• amidase - lub luag hauj lwm rau lub hydrolysis ntawm amides, piv txwv li, urease catalyzes lub decomposition ntawm urea rau hauv ammonia thiab dej.

Isomerase - molecule hloov dua siab tshiab

Cov tshuaj leeb hloov tsis pub dhau ib molecule. Tej zaum lawv yuav yam ntxwv los yog geometric. Qhov no yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev:

• hloov ntawm hydrogen atoms;
• tsiv ib phosphate pab pawg neeg;
• kev hloov ntawm qhov chaw ntawm atomic groupings nyob rau hauv qhov chaw;
• lub zog ntawm tus ob daim ntawv cog lus.

Lub isomerization yuav tsum tau raug mus organic acids, carbohydrates los yog amino acids. Isomerase yuav hloov aldehydes thiab ketones, conversely, lub cis daim ntawv reconstructed rau hauv ib tug trans daim ntawv thiab rov qab. Yuav kom to taub zoo dua li cas muaj nuj nqi yog ua los ntawm cov enzymes ntawm no pab pawg neeg, koj yuav tsum paub qhov sib txawv isomers.

Lyase kua muag twb kev txuas

Cov enzymes leeb uas tsis yog-hydrolytic decomposition ntawm cov organic tebchaw kev sib raug zoo:

• carbon-carbon bonds;
• phosphorus-pa;
• carbon-leej faj;
• carbon-nitrogen;
• carbon-oxygen.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no muaj xws li xws yooj yim cov khoom xws li carbon dioxide, dej, ammonia, thiab kaw ob bonds. Ob peb ntawm txoj kev tshua yuav mus nyob rau kev coj rov qab, coj mus rau cov enzymes nyob rau hauv haum tej yam kev mob rau txoj kev no tsis tsuas catalyze lub breakup, tab sis synthesis.

Classification lyase tshwm sim kev twb kev txuas hom, lawv tawg. Lawv yog cov complex enzymes.

ligase crosslinked

Lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov enzymes ntawm no pab pawg neeg - lub acceleration ntawm lub synthesis tshua. Lawv peculiarity - tsim conjugation nrog disintegration ntawm cov tshuaj uas yog peev xwm ntawm muab lub zog rau biosynthetic txheej txheem. Muaj rau kev sib cais tsim los ntawm kev twb kev txuas hom. Tsib ntawm lawv yog cov zoo tib yam tej pab pawg lyases, thiab lub thib rau yog lub luag hauj lwm rau kev tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas lus "nitrogen-hlau".

Ib txhia ligases yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb cell dab. Piv txwv li, ib tug DNA ligase muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub replication ntawm deoxyribonucleic acid. Nws SEWS nicked, tsim tshiab phosphodiester bonds. Nws yog nws leej twg koom Okazaki tawg tsam.

Qhov no tib enzyme yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic engineering. Nws tso cai rau zaum crosslink lub DNA molecule ntawm qhov tsim nyog daim ntawm lawv, tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb cov saw ntawm deoxyribonucleic acid. Lawv muaj peev xwm nteg tej ntaub ntawv, yog li tsim ib lub Hoobkas rau zus tau tej cov tseem ceeb proteins. Piv txwv li, nws yog ua tau rau xaws ib daim ntawm DNA ntawm ib tug kab mob lub luag hauj lwm rau cov insulin synthesis. Thiab thaum lub cell yuav tshaj tawm hauv xov nws tus kheej cov nqaijrog, nws nyob rau tib lub sij hawm qhia rau peb ua thiab minerals uas yuav tsum tau kev kho mob hom phiaj. Nws tseem raug nyob tsuas mus luaj, thiab nws yuav pab tau ntau cov neeg mob.

Cov loj loj luag hauj lwm ntawm enzymes nyob rau hauv lub cev

Lawv yuav ua rau kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi ntau tshaj li kaum lub sij hawm. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tej cell kev ua si. Ib tug enzymes koom nyob rau hauv txhua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog li ntawd, cov kev ua ntawm enzymes nyob rau hauv lub cev ntau haiv neeg raws li tag nrho cov tshwm sim los muaj dab. Ib tug muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov catalysts ua rau muaj mob loj yuav tshwm.

Enzymes yog lug siv nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov, lub teeb kev lag luam, cov tshuaj: siv rau qhov siv thiab ua cov cheese, sausages, kaus poom zaub mov, yog muaj nyob rau hauv xab npum hmoov. Lawv kuj siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua photographic cov ntaub ntawv.