Polar willow: yees duab thiab piav qhia. Ib tug hnyav ncov qaum nyob rau hauv tundra zoo li cas?

Nyob rau hauv lub tundra dominate tsuas yog cov nroj tsuag uas muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv qhov phem ntawm nws cov natural thiab climatic tej yam kev mob. Tundra ua hauj lwm yog marshy, peaty thiab stony. Shrubs tsis txav ntawm no. Lawv qhov chaw faib tawm tsis dhau qhov ciam teb ntawm taiga qhov chaw. Northern expanses them nrog creeping raws hauv av ntsias nroj tsuag tundra ncov qaumteb qabteb willow, blueberries, cranberries thiab lwm yam elfin.

Fauna no yog tsim los ntawm mosses, lichens, sedges thiab nceb. Tsawg qaum tam sim no thiab tom qab ntawd cuam tshuam txog moss-lichen cushions. Cov ntoo thiab cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem sawv cev ntawm cov ntawv me. Tsuas muaj li ncov qaumteb qabteb willow ntsias birch. Cov ntoo me me tej zaum kuj ua txhaum los ntawm cov pob zeb tawg, lawv loj hlob txhua lub sijhawm.

Willow Ncov - ncuav lauj kaub shrub

Ib tug tshwj xeeb sawv cev ntawm flowering nroj tsuag yog lub ncov qaumteb qabteb. Txawm hais tias nws yog tsawg heev, nws tseem siv rau tundra shrubs, tsis mus rau grasses. Ib qho me me nroj tsuag yog yuam, vim yog tej yam ntuj tso, kom zoo li tsis tsob ntoo ntoo, tab sis ib daim iav kis hauv av.

Nyob rau hauv nyias ntoo-zoo li stems, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm daim ntawv ntev-ntev leaflets yog dag zog, tsis crumbling, raws li nyob rau hauv lwm yam willows nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg. Lawv nyob twj ywm ntsuab hauv qab daus npog. Cov nroj tsuag muaj ob ntau lub npe - ntses ntab thiab arctic. Polar willow nyob rau hauv lub tundra tsis yog nyob ib leeg. Nrog rau nws muaj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Magadan, Yenisey, grassy thiab ob peb lwm yam ntsi.

Zaub mov muaj nqis ntawm lub npuas ntsej muag

Willow yoojyim - ib qho zoo heev cov zaub mov rau cov reindeer. Lawv, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tag nrho nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no, khawb lawv tawm los ntawm nyob rau hauv lub snow. Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no, nws tua, ob lub raum thiab bark tsis neglected by hares, partridges thiab nas.

Cov nplooj ntawm tsob ntoo arctic yog edible. Cov neeg sab qaum teb muab cov khoom cog rau yav tom ntej siv thiab npaj cov zaub mov txawv ntawm nws. Lawv, tau muab cov mos lwj noj, sau rau lawv nrog cov nplooj thiab cov dej ua kua, uas yog cov nroj tsuag ua npau npau. Lub Chukchi noj rau ntawm ib qho dej doow nplooj thiab cov ntshav ntawm mos lwj. Eskimos lub caij nrog lawv cov seepage rog thiab cov ntshav. Tsis tas li ntawd, surrogate tshuaj yej yog npaj los ntawm nplooj.

Txheeb Qhia Txog Kev Lom Zem

Dwarf shrub grassy tsos muaj me ntsis ntoo zoo li sticks. Koj saib cov duab, lub thawv polar ntawm uas yog xwm txheej, thiab xav tsis thoob ntawm txoj kev yog qhov txawv. Tiny trunks yog tsim los ntawm me me subterranean ceg. Lawv tsis zoo li cov ntoo zoo tib yam luv luv. Lawv ntev tsis tshaj 3-5 centimeters.

Nyob rau lub creeping rau hauv av, rooting daj twigs raug muab tso rau ib ob peb me me nplooj, raug tshaj lub turf. Lancet-zoo li stipules, txawm tias muaj nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, yog tsawg. Lawv feem ntau nyiam ua ntawv tsis tuaj kawm ntawv. Cov nplooj yog npawv, broadly ovate-puab. Qee lub sij hawm lawv yog raum-puab thiab tsuas yog qee zaus elliptical-thoob-lanceolate. Cov saum lawv yog cov qauv.

Tus duab ntawm nplooj yog feem ntau notched. Lawv lub hauv paus yog delineated nrog sib npaug, ces lub plawv-puab, thiab heev tsis tshua muaj kab npauj npaim. Qhov no yog dab tsi lub ncov qaumteb qabteb zoo li-ib qho txawv ntawm tsob ntoo hauv tundra. Ntsuab nplooj nrog tag nrho cov sab yog matte to top, thiab hauv qab yog me ntsis ci. Qhov ntev ntawm liab qab liab petioles tsuas yog 1 centimeter. Qhov ntev ntawm leaflets strung on me me petioles tsis tshaj 2 cm, thiab lub dav tsis pub tshaj 1.3 cm.

Thaum kawg paj qhwv ntsej, cov ntaub ntawv mas feem ntau oblong lossis ovate. Tus nab npawb ntawm cov paj me me hauv lawv txawv ntawm 3 daim mus rau 17. Lub xijpeem yog tseem muaj ib lub thawv ntim qaub ncaug. Lawv cov lus piav qhia yog raws li nram no: maub-xim av nplai nrog lub qe-puab (nws tshwm sim, uas rov qab qe-zoo li) sib npaug, cov ntaub ntawv muaj hlua nrog cov npoo tawv.

Liab dawb stamens ob. Lawv muaj ib qho tsaus ntuj nti anther thiab ib txoj hlab ntsha nrawm nrawm. Cov qe qaib ntawm conical, lub teeb pom kev pib ntxoov thaum pib, nws thiaj li hlob hlob, recoloring nyob rau hauv greenish los yog ntshav tones. Bipartite divergent stigmas muaj ib txoj hlua khauj khaum ntawm caj npab.

Ntawm chav kawm, xws li trifles tsis tau ib txwm pom nyob rau hauv qhov, thiab txawm ntau nyob rau hauv lub yees duab. Polar beow, zoo li ntau lwm yam nroj tsuag, nws tau kawm los ntawm biologists hauv chaw soj ntsuam kabmob.

Lub cheeb tsam ntawm Arctic willow

Lub dominance ntawm ib cov nroj tsuag tawv yuav pib nyob rau hauv lub suab thaj suab thaj npog Arctic Islands tuaj, thiab txuas mus rau sab qaum teb ntug hiav txwv ntawm Putorana Plateau. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm dwarf shrubbery ntes cov Scandinavian, East Siberian, Chukchi thiab Kamchatka lands nyob rau hauv lub tundra. Nws ncab nrog cov txuj ntawm Jan Mayen thiab Spitsbergen Islands tuaj.

Nyob rau hauv ib qho kawg tawm tsam tawm tsam tej yam tsis zoo ntawm lub hnyav Arctic, tsob ntoo pom muaj txoj hau kev txhim khu kev dim ntawm cov chaw nyob qaum teb tsis muaj chaw nyob. Thaum lub sij hawm glacial, thaum lub siab ntsws siab ntawm qhov nce glaciation ua intolerable, lub ncov qaumteb qab zib yuav tsum tawm mus rau sab qab teb.

Cov creeping rov qab glacier cia nws rov qab mus kov nws cov cheeb tsam uas nkawv hauv xeev nkawv. Nws yog nrees entrenched nyob rau hauv nws yav dhau los ciam teb, hauv nyob rau hauv lub New ntiaj teb thiab lub Commander Islands. Cov kev tu ncua Arctic thaw pab txhawb pheej tsob nroj ciam teb rau lwm rau lub Far North. Nws yog nkag mus rau kev kub ceev (rau cov nroj ntsiag to) mus rau hauv tundra thiab Arctic tsam. Cov kab no yog ib xyoos ib zaug ntxiv los ntawm ib lub voj voog!

Av

Tsob ntoo muaj ib qho chaw lag luam uas kim heev. Lawv nyiam cov av ntawm txhua hom kev sau. Nws tsis tuaj yeem limestone, li cas los xij, thiab qee zaus nws muaj nyob rau ntawm lawv. Txig zoo rau ntawm hav nyom, gravelly, clayey xau, yam ntxwv rau Arctic thiab Alpine tundra. Lub shrub yog unpretentious mus rau moistening ntawm xau. Yog tsis muaj ncov qaum ncov qaum nyob rau hauv lub tundra ntawm tshaj-qhuav los yog excessively moistened qhov chaw.

Nws yog tsis txaus siab rau qhov kev nplua nuj ntawm cov av. Tseeb, nws tsis xav kom loj hlob on high peaty polytrichovyh mounds, uas dot lub cheeb tsam swampy. Lawv muaj ib tug depleted acidic substrate, uas yog tsis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov zoo li ib tug dwarf shrub. Tab sis nyob rau zonal tundra gley xau nws hlob txhua txhia qhov chaw. Cov nroj tsuag tsis xyuas me ntsis snow-capped chaw. Nws yog attracted rau lub nival, nrog ib tug zoo snow npog fab.

Ecosystems nrog polar beow

Txhua qhov chaw uas koj saib, yuav luag txhua qhov chaw tshwj tsis yog rau thaj chaw qaum teb, cov nroj tsuag tau yoog rau cov nplooj ntoos mog. Xws li thallus yog ib qho kev pom zoo heev. Lawv lub kaus mom uas muaj xim ntsuab, xim daj, txiv kab ntxwv, liab thiab lwm yam xim ua rau zoo nkauj heev zoo nkauj. Willow trunks yeej ib txwm immersed nyob rau moss-them sod, thiab nplooj, nyob rau hauv tsis tooj, nce saum toj no lub qhov chaw ntawm picturesque hillocks.

Tsob ntoo yog khi rau gravels thiab blocks, uas kom meej meej qhia tus yees duab. Lub ncov qaum ncov qaum nyob rau hauv lub tundra hides nyob rau hauv me me crevasses tsim los ntawm pob zeb. Ntawm pebbles, nws pom cov neeg kho tshuab tiv thaiv thiab, mus rau ntau dua, humified xau.

Txawm li ntawd los, los ntawm ntau poov-lichen phytocenoses lub shrub prefers ib tug xoob turf. Nws yog lub hauv paus uas tsim los ntawm hypnotic bokoplodnymi mosses, liverwort thiab zoo li tej nroj tsuag.

Conference niches ncov qaumteb qabteb willow

Lub tsev ntawm Putorana ua lub tsev ntawm ib lub ciab tsob nroj. Nws nrhiav tau vaj tse ntawm cov me cua thiab cov kab nrib pleb uas cuam tshuam Kotui thiab Anabar plateaus. Nws thickets raug them nrog snow-them niches, strewn tshaj lub goltsovy txoj siv. Lawv tsis poob mus rau hauv cov hav zoov nrog cov mossy thalluses, uas tau tsim cov duab thav duab sab qaum teb sab qaum teb.

Thiab nyob rau hauv cov roob daus roob, dab npua yuav zoo li cas? Ntawm no nws ua cov thawv loj heev. Nws ua tiav cov txaj ntawm snowfields, thiab cov ntawv khov dej khov yog nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntom ntub ntawm cov nplooj me me ua tawm. Thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tus nroj tsuag yog tsis voos nyob rau hauv lub expanses ntawm lub ca hav zoov-tundra thiab yav qab teb tundra.

Nws tau tawg ri nias, ntawm taw ntawm qaum teb qhov chaw siab. Lub ntsaub ntab thawv thickets tau hla lub pas dej ntawm ntxhuab zoo li shrubs. Lawv them rau ob sab ntawm tob-cut brooks.

Lawv cov kev ua si yog nce nyob rau hauv typical tundra. Lub nplua mias ntawm willow saplings yog sau tseg nyob rau hauv lub biocenoses ntawm moraines ua hauj lwm. Muaj, qhov twg nyob rau nras muaj cov masses ntawm pob zeb tawg ntwm sab laug ntawm lub zog ntawm glaciers. Nyob rau hauv cov alluvial thiab alluvial ib ncig ntawm lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub shrub yog txo.

Nws yuav nthuav dab tsi rau lub npoj ncov qaum ncaus zoo nkaus li, daim duab uas koj tab tom saib, nyob rau hauv qhov tsau ciab tundra, raws cov dej ntws, thiab qhov twg cov dej hiav txwv tsim thiab kev sib tshuam ua ke. Hauv cov zos me uas muaj ivy-moss-grassy thalluses.

Domination ntawm willow Bush nyob rau hauv lub tundra

Nyob rau hauv muaj polar willows, lub arctic tundra nroj tsuag tsim. Thiab dwarf shrub nquag prevails nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov placock phytocenoses. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws prevails nyob rau hauv lub ivy-moss-nyom zej zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws qhov dominance yog nyob rau hauv Birranga roob siab.

Ntau tus thickets ntawm ntses ntab willow tau mastered Moss tundra. Lawv tau khoob khov nrog cov kauj voos ntawm chipped tundra. Lawv lub vaj tse tau xiam hoob qhiab, khaus enriched nrog humus, feem ntau thiab cov chaw tsis tshuav me me. Tus npog ntov npog ntawm lub voj voos kab mob npog lub npog tsev.

Willow nyob rau hauv lub roob

Nrog beow Bush, nyob rau hauv lub crevices nruab nrab ntawm lub pob zeb, koj tau txais ib daim duab spectacular. Polar beow hauv toj roob hauv pes yog tsis pom zoo, nws yog ib feem ntawm txhua hom biotopes, capturing loj heev territories. Nws tawm lo hugely raws tag nrho lub roob siv, ua lawv txoj kev mus rau sab saum toj. Ntawm no nws tsis yog attracted tsuas yog los ntawm cov pov tseg liab qab thiab uncharted rubble plots.

Muaj climbed mus rau ib qhov siab ntawm 300-400 meters, nws hloov lub qhuavad, ua tus tseem ceeb edificator ntawm tundra roob phytocoenoses, sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv lub Upper theem. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj peev xwm hloov chaw nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm roob pebbles thiab sands ib tug ntiav monotonous, tsis muaj peev xwm delve rau hauv steep roob. Lumpy disintegrations ntawm foothills thiab toj ntawm Byrrang twb overgrown nrog hybrids ntawm lub polar willow.