Leej twg yog cov ua nom ua tswv, thiab cov ua nom ua tswv?

Leej twg yog cov ua nom ua tswv? Qhov no sab sauv chav kawm ntawv, uas muaj nyob rau hauv Russia los ntawm 10 mus rau 17 xyoo pua. Lub privileged chav kawm ntawv yog tseem zoo thiab kev princes.

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm tus boyars

Nyob rau hauv lub hierarchy ntawm nobles coj cov hmoov txhuas tam sim ntawd tom qab cov neeg pej xeem Duke, koom ib sab lawv nyob rau hauv tsoom fwv.

Qhov no hauv chav kawm ntawv sawv tawm nyob rau hauv lub 9 xyoo pua, thaum lub tsim ntawm lub ancient Lavxias teb sab xeev. Cov lawv tsis pub dhau 10-11 centuries ib leeg muaj princes thiab boyars zemstvo. Ua ntej peb tau hu ua txiv neej ntawm Knyazhye, thiab tib ob - Gradska kev txwj quas laug. Nws yog ib lub caij nyoog kawg no tau xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm pab pawg neeg aristocracy. Thaum nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th Knyazhye cov txiv neej muab av, lawv merged nrog cov zemstvo boyars, ua ib zaug xwb qub txeeg qub tes.

Princes thiab boyars nyob rau hauv lub Affairs ntawm lub xeev nyob rau hauv lub 12-15 centuries

Raws li cov nobles twb vassals ntawm tus tub huabtais, lawv txoj hauj lwm muaj kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv nws pab tub rog. Tab sis lawv muaj ib tug ntau ntawm kev tsim nyog tau: txoj cai kom muaj lub sij mus rau lwm lub None; meej hwj chim thiab domination nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm lawv pog koob yawm txwv lub tebchaws; nws vassals.

Lub fragmentation ntawm Russia, yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub 12-15 centuries, nws coj mus rau ib tug weakening ntawm tus tub huabtais lub hwj chim. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj tau ua tus economic hwj chim ntawm tus boyar chav kawm ntawv, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nws cov nom tswv cawv.

Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm Galicia-Volyn nqi zog thiab Novgorod pawg neeg thaj av nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th nobles coj tshaj lub Affairs ntawm lub xeev, uas yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv thiaj li hu ua pawg sab laj. Vim hais tias ntawm cov muaj zog tus ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv Chernigov, Polotsk-Minsk, Murom-Ryazan nqi zog tsis muaj ib tug haib None lub hwj chim.

Cov kev ua yeeb ncuab ntawm lub princes thiab lub boyars-patrimonial

Yuav kom txo tau cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub boyars-patrimonial princes resorted mus rau servitors boyars thiab nobles.

Thaum pib ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub 14th xyoo pua princely hwj chim pib loj hlob dua, muaj lub thiaj li hu ua ib co paub tab paub xav boyars. Lawv txib yog los tswj cov ceg ntawm lub palace kev khwv nyiaj txiag.

Leej twg yog cov paub tab paub xav boyars? Qhov no nraug vauv, Falconer, chashnichy etc. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv koom tsis tau lub xeev, cov kev tswj uas yog ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib lub teb chaws ceded rau lawv nyob rau hauv pub mis.

Cov tsim ntawm ib tug centralized lub xeev coj mus rau lub txwv ntawm cov cai ntawm lub boyars, uas yog lub narrowing ntawm lub Scope ntawm kev tiv thaiv, txoj kev tu siab thiab lub abolition los ntawm tus kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th cai tawm mus tsev rau lwm tus prince. Social chav kawm ntawv raws li txoj cai tau hloov.

Lub tsev ntawm lub hwj chim hauv 15-17 centuries

Leej twg yog cov boyars txij li thaum lub xyoo pua 15th? Tam sim no nws yog lub siab tshaj plaws nyob qib ntawm cov servitors ntawm lub fatherland. Lub xub ntiag ntawm xws li ib tug title meant hais tias cov neeg yuav koom nyob rau hauv cov kev ua ub ntawm lub Boyar Duma, nws tau muab txoj cai yuav tsum tau lub siab tshaj plaws nyob qib dumnyi. Boyars, raws li ib tug txoj cai, yog tam sim no nyob rau ntawm lub ntsiab administrative, kev hais plaub ntug thiab cov tub rog posts, sawv ntawm lub taub hau ntawm qhov kev txiav txim.

Boyars votchinniki, tseem los kom tiv thaiv cov tsoom fwv tsim nyob rau ib centralized lub xeev, deprived ntawm ntau kev, economic thiab kev nom kev tswv tsim nyog. Tag nrho cov xaiv ntawm tawm tsam thiab hais lus tam sim ntawd suppressed. Boyar aristocracy twb ntaus nyuaj los ntawm cov oprichnina Ivan IV.

Nrog lub advent rau lub zwm txwv ntawm lub Romanovs lub tsev ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv tau hloov dramatically. Tam sim no, kev lag kev luam ntxiv dag zog rau servitors boyars thiab cov nom tswv cajceg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, thaum ntau noble dynasty nres. Nws yog rau cov yog vim li cas uas maj mam pib kom raug cai rau hauv lub disappearance ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv hnub nyoog xws ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg thiab gentry. Thiab thaum lub tsaws thiab patrimonial av tenure, raws li qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv 1714, koom, thiab lawv nyiag koom nyob rau hauv lub tswvyim ntawm "tswv tsev". Tom qab ntawd, lub sij hawm twb hloov nyob rau hauv lo lus "bar" los yog "tus tswv."

Nyob rau hauv 1682 abolished localism, thiab tam sim no boyars tsawg muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv pej xeem affairs. Thaum pib ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua, Peter kuv thiab tag ntxeev lub npe ntawm nobleman.

Lub neej ntawm lub boyars thiab nobles

Ua nom ua tswv thiab ua nom ua tswv ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th nyob rau hauv Russia, raws li twb tau hais, tau tuaj ua ke nyob rau hauv ib chav kawm.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog lub neej, ces tus seem artifacts ntawm lub sij hawm nws yuav xaus lus tias cov nom tswv cajceg thiab cov boyars 'Estates muaj ib tug ntau ntawm riam phom thiab nyiaj yam, kim hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab tsev kho kom zoo nkauj. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, ntau av muab rau hauv feudal castles, uas muaj peev xwm nyob ntawm 60 mus rau 80 cov neeg.

Cov tsos ntawm thawj yeej muaj tseeb khoom kim heev ntawm lub sij hawm lub manor belongs rau 10-11 centuries. Maj mam, ib txhia ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm ntau yam kho puas. Tus tswv khiav lawv Estates. Tab sis cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub enterprising zog, tswj kom wealth thiab lub teb chaws mus rau lub 16-17 centuries twb ncig los ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lawv Estates, tig lawv mus rau hauv tiag tiag castles.

Gen. boyars thiab nobles nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th

Lub gradual allergic ntawm cov European qauv ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv ib tug nyiaj txiag kev ruaj ntseg qub txeeg qub tes tau coj mus rau nce kev txhawj xeeb txog txoj kev nplij siab ntawm lub neej. Yuav ua li cas lwm tus neeg to taub uas yog cov ua nom ua tswv, thiab cov ua nom ua tswv? Ntau dua nyiaj txiag ruaj ntseg hauv chav kawm ntawv tsom nws raws li lawv yuav: lawv pib tshwm nyob rau hauv lub rooj ib tug ntau yam ntawm cutlery thiab napkins, ib tug neeg tais diav thiab tablecloths. Tam sim no txhua tus mej zeej ntawm lub tsev neeg muaj ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib chav tsev. Tshwj xeeb yog nplua nuj dynasty siv tais diav ntawm earthenware, tin thiab tooj liab.

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm zoo-paub cov npe ntawm cov sij hawm (. Golitsyn, Naryshkin Odoevsky, Morozov, etc.) dai kom zoo nkauj lawv cov loj pob zeb lub tsev nrog rau qhov tseeb nyob sab Europe zam: cov phab ntsa kim wallpaper, ntaub pua plag, thiab tawv; thiab txawv mirrors; ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm lub teeb qhov chaw, xws li chandeliers thiab hniav taws tswm ciab.

Raws li fwjchim luj kawg nkaus, thiab cov tub qhe pib hnav nyob rau hauv lub European yam: yooj yim kim fabrics, free style, hniav nyiaj hniav kub kub thiab nyiaj paj ntaub thiab jewels. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov nyob sab Europe dresses yog cov kev zam es ib txwm tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Russia ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, privileged chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev uas pib mus ua raws li Western zam tiam sis.

Lwm tshiab lub caij ntawm lub neej yog muab los ntawm lub boyars thiab nobles los ua ib tug hobby. Ua si chess, mus concerts thiab lwm yam kev lom zem tau ua ib feem ntawm lub neej ntawm tus nplua nuj. Lawv tsiv rau lub teeb phab xis nrog springs, thiab cov tub qhe nyob rau tom qab, coj qhws wigs, thiab cov txiv neej pib mus chais plaub nws lub ntsej muag.

Burgher cov neeg tseem ceeb nyob modestly. Nws cov neeg sawv cev hnav khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv broadcloth hnav ris tsho, rooj tog zaum thiab cov tais diav tsis kim heev. Tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lawv lub neej muaj yog ib tug muaj siab rau kev nplij siab. Nyob rau hauv lub chav koj yuav saib tau lub paintings, ntoos, tsom iav. qhua txais tos tau nqa tawm nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb staterooms.

Cov ua nom ua tswv sim luam cov muaj koob muaj npe lag, ntawm chav kawm, tsis muaj lub muaj koob muaj npe ci, tab sis tseem. Lawv tsev loj nyob qhov rais nrog mica, rooj tog zaum ua los ntawm carved ntoo, ntaub pua plag rau lub plag tsev.

Leej twg yog cov boyars nyob rau hauv Wallachia thiab Moldavia?

Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Wallachia thiab Moldavia lub feudal chav kawm ntawv twb tsim nyob rau hauv lub 14th caug xyoo. Hauv nws muaj ib tug tej yam cais. Generic boyars twb tswv bashtin (Estates), thiab lub zos - nyiaj pab ntawm av. Nyob rau hauv sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv los ua qhov muag plooj lub sij hawm. Raws li ib feem ntawm cov neeg sab nraud Romanian boyars ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 muaj cov neeg los ntawm kev loj tub txawj tub ntse thiab ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam, cov tshem tawm ntawm lub boyars raws li ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv xwb tshwm sim Lub peb hlis ntuj 22, 1945 nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm cov Agrarian kho kom zoo txoj cai.

Cov nqe lus "nobles" thiab "nom tswv cajceg" nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm cov phau ntawv

Leej twg yog cov ua nom ua tswv, thiab cov ua nom ua tswv? Kev txiav txim ntawm cov dab neeg muaj ib tug meej thiab cos lus teb rau lo lus nug no.

Ua nom ua tswv - cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub privileged chav kawm ntawv uas sawv nyob rau hauv lub feudal zej zog.

Boyars - cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub sab saum toj txheej ntawm lub feudal haiv neeg, uas muaj los ntawm lub 10 rau 17th centuries rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Kievan Rus, Moscow nqi zog, Bulgarian, Moldavian nqi zog, Wallachia, los ntawm lub XIV xyoo pua nyob rau hauv Romania.