TsimScience

Atomic siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo

Tej yam khoom uas nyob rau hauv cov xwm, raws li yog lub npe hu, yog muaj li ntawm me me hais. Lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, yog kev cob cog rua rau tsim ib lub qauv, uas txiav txim lub zog ntawm cov kev substance.

Lub atomic siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khib nyiab thiab tshwm sim thaum uas tsis muaj kub thiab high pressures. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws yog ua tsaug rau cov qauv no, cov pob zeb diamond, co, thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv ua tus yam ntxwv zog.

Tus qauv ntawm xws tshuaj nyob rau molecular theem, zoo li ib tug siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo, txhua atom uas yog sib raug zoo nrog nws cov neeg nyob ze tshaj plaws cov khoom compound uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv cov xwm - ib tug covalent daim ntawv cog lus. Tag nrho cov tsawg tshaj plaws hais txog txoj kev ua cov qauv cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv ib yaam thiab tu ncua. Sawv cev ib daim phiaj nyob rau hauv uas lub ces kaum ntawm lub atoms nyob, surrounded yeej tib yam nkaus naj npawb ntawm cov satellites, atomic siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo suab tsis hloov nws cov qauv. Nws yog zoo dua lub npe hu hais tias cov kev hloov ntawm qhov kev ntshiab hlau los yog lub alloy qauv tsuas cua sov nws. Thaum lub kub yog siab dua, muaj zog bonds nyob rau hauv lub ntxaij ntoo.

Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lub atomic siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo yog tus yuam sij rau lub dag lub zog thiab hardness ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, Txawm li cas los, yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account uas lub arrangement ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntaub ntawv kuj yuav sib txawv, uas nyob rau hauv lem, muaj feem xyuam rau cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm lub dag lub zog. Piv txwv li, cov pob zeb diamond thiab graphite, nrog ib tug muaj pes tsawg leeg tib carbon atom, mus rau lub siab tshaj plaws raws li txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub dag lub zog: cov pob zeb diamond - lub hardest tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, lub graphite yuav exfoliate thiab ua txhaum. Qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo ntawm graphite atoms teem nyob rau hauv khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Txhua txheej tsa ib tug muv cell nyob rau hauv uas cov pa roj carbon atoms yog articulated heev zog. Xws li ib tug qauv ua fawm kib crumbling mem hluav ua: nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm breakage ntawm lub graphite yog tsuas peeled tawm. Lwm yam - cov pob zeb diamond siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo uas muaj pog carbon atoms, i.e. cov uas yuav muaj peev xwm tsim tau 4 muaj zog daim ntawv cog lus. Ua kom puas hais tias ob leeg tsis yooj yim sua.

Hlau lattice, Ntxiv, muaj tej yam ntxwv:

1. ntxaij ntoo sij hawm - tus nqi defining qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub chaw zov me nyuam ntawm ob uas nyob ib sab atoms ntsuas los ntawm lub ntxaij ntoo tav. Common cim ntawd yog txawv los ntawm nyob rau hauv kev kawm txog zauv: ib tug, b, c - qhov ntev, dav, qhov siab ntawm tus lattice, ntsig txog. Obviously, qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov nuj nqis yog li me me uas qhov kev ncua deb yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv qhov tsawg tshaj plaws units - ib thib kaum ntawm ib tug nanometer los yog angstrom units.

2. - lub sib haum tooj. Uas qhia hais tias txiav txim seb tus packing ceev ntawm lub atoms nyob rau hauv tib array. Raws li, nws ceev yog ntau dua, ntau dua qhov lub xov tooj K. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhov no daim duab tseem sawv cev rau tus xov tooj ntawm atoms uas yog ze li sai tau thiab nyob sib npaug zos deb ntawm lub tshawb nrhiav atom.

3. Hauv paus lattice. Tus nqi characterizing lattice ceev. Nws nruab nrab yog tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm cov atoms uas yuav mus rau ib qho kev cell nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no.

4. compactness tau yog ntsuas los ntawm suav tag nrho cov lattice volume muab faib los ntawm lub ntim uas lawv nyob tag nrho ntawm lub atoms nyob rau ntawd. Zoo li yav dhau los ob tug, cov nqi no qhia cov kev ceev ntawm lub kawm grating.

Peb tau pom tias tsuas muaj ob peb tug tshuaj, uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub atomic siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo. Meanwhile, ib tug zoo kawg tooj ntawm lawv. Txawm tias tus poj muaj ntau haiv neeg, crystalline atomic lattice muaj xws li chav nyob yog yeej ib txwm cob cog rua ntawm ib tug covalent daim ntawv cog lus (ncov qaumteb qabteb los yog nonpolar). Tsis tas li ntawd, xws tshuaj suab insoluble nyob rau hauv dej thiab muaj tsawg thermal conductivity.

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, muaj peb hom uas siv lead ua lattices: lub nyhav cev-chaw, lub ntsej muag-rau nruab nrab nyhav, hexagonal close-packed.

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