Linguistics - uas yog ... Main seem lug

Linguistics - qhov kev kawm ntawm cov lus, kawm nws, thiab nyob rau hauv lub complex (raws li ib tug system), thiab ib co ntawm nws cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv: lub keeb kwm thiab lub keeb kwm yav dhau los, qhov zoo tshaj thiab ua haujlwm zoo nta, raws li zoo raws li cov kev cai ntawm cov qauv thiab dynamic txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov hom lus nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Linguistics raws li ib tug science lus

Lub ntsiab yam khoom ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm no science - tej yam ntuj tso lus ntawm noob neej, nws qhov thiab essence, thiab kawm - qauv qauv, ua tau hauj lwm, hloov lus thiab txoj kev lawv txoj kev tshawb no.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias tam sim no lub linguistics cia siab rau cov teeb meem loj theoretical thiab empirical hauv paus, nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov tias twb linguistics - yog ib tug tus hluas science (nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab - nrog XVIII - nach.XIX century). Cuaj kaum, nws muaj predecessors nrog nthuav views - addicted rau txoj kev tshawb no cov lus, muaj ntau yam philosophers thiab grammarians, yog li lawv tej hauj lwm muaj nthuav soj thiab kev xav (xws li, cov philosophers ntawm ancient Greece, Voltaire thiab Diderot).

terminological digression

Lo lus "Linguistics" tsis tau yeej ib txwm tau undisputed rau lub npe ntawm lub teb chaws lus science. Synonymous tooj ntawm cov nqe lus "linguistics - Linguistics - Linguistics" nws muaj nws tus kheej semantic thiab keeb kwm nta.

Chiv, ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig ntawm 1917, nyob rau hauv lub scientific kiv puag ncig yog ntau lub sij hawm linguistics. Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, twb yeej linguistics (xws li, kawm ntawv qib kawm thiab tutorials rau nws pib yuav tsum tau hu ua "Introduction to Linguistics") thiab nws cov "non-canonical" xaiv nyob tshiab semantics. Yog li ntawd, kev kawm yam lus yog hais txog mus rau lub pre-revolutionary scientific kev lig kev cai, thiab kev kawm yam lus taw tes rau Western tswv yim thiab hom kev kawm, xws li structuralism. Raws li cov TV Shmelev nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm "nco lub sij hawm: Linguistics, lus, Linguistics" yog ib tug semantic contradiction ntawm Lavxias teb sab linguistics tsis tau solved txog tam sim no, vim hais tias muaj kev cai nruj heev muab qhab nia, cov kev cai ntawm compatibility thiab derivation (linguistics → lus → hom lus) thiab ib tug ib txwm mus nthuav lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub sij hawm linguistics ( kawm ib yam lus). Yog li, tus kws tshawb fawb piv cov npe ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no high school tus qauv, cov npe departments, cov ntaub ntawv, "sawv tawm" seem lug nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kawm "Introduction to Linguistics" thiab "General Linguistics"; Division of Ras 'koom haum ntawm Linguistics "phau ntawv journal" Lus nug ntawm Linguistics ", cov phau ntawv" Sau ntawv nyob rau hauv Linguistics "; Department of Linguistics thiab Intercultural sib txuas lus, "Computational Linguistics", lub magazine "Tshiab nyob rau hauv kev kawm yam lus ..."

Lub ntsiab seem lug: ib tug general txheej txheem cej luam

Cov kev kawm ntawm cov lus "so" nyob rau ntau yam kev kawm, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm uas yog cov nram no ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm lug, ob leeg dav dav thiab kev, theoretical thiab cov tswv yim, uas yuav piav txog thiab keeb kwm.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov lus qhuab qhia yog grouped nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lawv paub tab thiab raws li lub homphiaj ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav. Yog li ntawd, ib txwm muab faib mus rau hauv lub nram qab no lub ntsiab qhov chaw lug:

• khej mob siab rau txoj kev tshawb no hauv cov qauv ntawm cov lus system, nws theem ntawm lub koom haum (piv txwv li, morphology thiab syntax);
• seem uas piav txog cov puab ntawm lub keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv dav dav thiab lub tsim ntawm tus neeg ntau ntau (keeb kwm phonetics, keeb kwm sau ntawv);
• Forums, Lub haumxeeb zoo tshaj ntawm cov lus thiab nws lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg (sociolinguistics, dialectology);
• Forums kawm complex teeb meem rau tus ciaj ciam ntawm txawv sciences thiab disciplines (psycholinguistics, computational linguistics);
• Applied disciplines daws cov tswv yim muaj teeb meem nyiag ua los ntawm lub scientific lub zej lub zos linguistics (lexicography, palaeography).

General private thiab linguistics

Lub division ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawm cov lus ntawm dav dav thiab tshwj xeeb teb qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas lub ntiaj teb no lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txaus siab ntawm kev soj ntsuam.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj scientific cov lus nug uas tshuaj xyuas kev linguistics yog:

• lub essence ntawm cov lus, cov paub tsis meej ntawm nws keeb kwm thiab cov kev cai ntawm cov keeb kwm kev loj hlob;
• qhov yooj yim cov kev cai ntawm pab kiag li lawm thiab khiav dej num ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no raws li ib tug lub zej lub zos ntawm cov neeg;
• tus piv ntawm cov pawg ntawm "lus" thiab "xav", "lus", "lub hom phiaj kev muaj tiag";
• rov tshwm sim thiab txoj kev txhim kho ntawm tsab ntawv;
• lus typology, tus qauv ntawm lawv cov lus ntau ntau, ua tau hauj lwm thiab keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm grammatical cov chav kawm ntawv thiab pawg;
• kev faib ntawm tag nrho cov hom lus nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, thiab ntau lwm tus neeg.

Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thoob ntiaj teb cov teeb meem, uas nws kom daws tau qhov general linguistics - yog cov creation thiab siv cov tshiab txhais tau tias kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov neeg (dag thoob ntiaj teb hom lus). Cov kev loj hlob ntawm no - ib tug ua ntej rau interlinguistics.

Cov ciaj ciam ntawm lub private Linguistics yog txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov qauv, ua tau hauj lwm thiab keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug hom lus (Lavxias teb sab, Czech, Suav), ib tug xov tooj ntawm cais lus los yog tag nrho cov tsev neeg ntawm lwm yam kev yam lus nyob rau tib lub sij hawm (piv txwv li, tsuas yog tus Latin - Fabkis, Italian, Mev, Portuguese thiab ntau lwm tus neeg) . Private linguistics siv synchronous txoj kev (aka - uas piav txog) los yog diachronic (keeb kwm lub) txoj kev tshawb no.

General Linguistics nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub ntiag yog ib tug theoretical thiab methodological hauv paus rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tej kev teeb meem txuam nrog rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub xeev ntawm cov lus tseeb thiab cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv ib qho kev hom lus. Nyob rau hauv lem, private linguistics - ib tug qhuab qhia uas muab lug, empirical cov ntaub ntawv, raws li nyob rau hauv kev tsom xam uas yuav ua tau theoretical cov lus xaus.

Sab nraud thiab sab hauv linguistics

Tus ntaus ntawv ntawm niaj hnub science lus sawv cev rau lub ob-feem qauv - cov no yog cov ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm lug, mikrolingvistika (los nrog linguistics) thiab ekstralingvistika (lwm linguistics).

Mikrolingvistika teem rau hauv lub system ntawm hom lus - lub suab, morphological, syntactic thiab cov ntsiab lus tiers.

Ekstralingvistika thim mloog mus rau cov loj loj ntau yam lus sis: nrog lub zej zog, tib neeg xav, tham, kev xav, aesthetic thiab lwm yam ntawm lub neej. Thaum nws puag yog yug los vib this contrastive tsom xam thiab ua hauj lwm cov kev tshawb fawb (puas siab puas ntsws, ethnolinguistics, paralinguistics, kev cai lug, thiab lwm yam).

Synchronic (piav txog) thiab diachronic (keeb kwm lub) linguistics

Lub cheeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb uas yuav piav txog kev kawm yam lus yog hais txog lub xeev cov lus los yog nws cov cais ntau ntau, qhov tseeb, thiab phenomena nyob rau hauv lawv lub xeev nyob ib lub sij hawm luv, ib tug tej theem ntawm kev loj hlob. Feem ntau cov feem ntau tau them nyiaj mloog mus rau lub tam sim no lub xeev, ntxiv tsis tshua - nyob rau lub xeev ntawm yav tas los lub sij hawm (piv txwv li, cov lus ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm ntawm lub XIII xyoo pua).

Keeb kwm linguistics deals nrog txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ntau yam lus tseeb thiab phenomena hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lawv puab thiab evolution. Cov soj ntsuam ntawm muaj ib lub hom phiaj mus kho cov kev hloov uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub tshawb nrhiav hom lus (piv txwv li, ib tug sib piv ntawm cov muaj zog ntawm cov zajlus cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus nyob rau hauv XVII, XIX thiab XX centuries).

Kwm piav qhia ntawm cov lus theem

Linguistics kawm qhov tshwm sim muaj feem xyuam rau lub ntau yam tiers ntawm lub tuam lus system. Txais muab cov lus nram no ntau ntau: suab, lexical-semantic, morphological, syntactic. Nyob rau hauv cov theem yog cov nram qab no loj seem linguistics.

Nyob rau hauv suab theem lus txuas nram qab no sciences:

• Phonetics (piav ntau yam txog cov kev hais lus suab nyob rau hauv cov lus, lawv kev thiab acoustic yam ntxwv);
• phonology (kawm phoneme li qhov tsawg tshaj plaws chav tsev ntawm kev hais lus, nws phonological yam ntxwv thiab ua tau hauj);
• morphophonology (xaiv cov suab qauv ntawm morphemes, zoo thiab ntau kev hloov tib yam phonemes nyob rau hauv lub morphemes, lawv variability, nteg cia txoj cai nyob rau hauv lub compatibility ntawm morpheme ib thaj tsam).

Lub lexical theem ntawm cov lus nram qab no xyuas:

• Lexicology (kawm lo lus raws li ib tug hauv paus ntawm cov lus thiab tag nrho cov lo lus raws li lus richness, txog lub yam ntxwv nta ntawm cov lus, nws expansion thiab kev loj hlob, qhov chaw ntawm replenishment ntawm cov lus ntawm hom lus);
• semasiology (tshuaj xyuas qhov lexical ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus, cov semantic txuam lus thiab cov tswv yim qhia los ntawm lawv los yog hais tias lawv tsis pom zoo, tshwm sim ntawm cov hom phiaj kev muaj tiag);
• onomasiology (xav tej teeb meem muaj feem xyuam rau qhov teeb meem qeb nyob rau hauv cov lus, nrog rau cov structuring ntawm cov khoom ntawm lub ntiaj teb no thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev kawm).

Morphological theem ntawm txoj kev kawm lus nram qab no kawm:

• morphology (lo lus piav lub structural units, tag nrho cov morphemic muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lo lus thiab inflection cov ntaub ntawv, qhov chaw ntawm kev hais lus, lawv cov yam ntxwv, tus ntsuj plig thiab tej ntsiab cai ntawm kev xaiv);
• lo lus tsim (cov kev tshawb fawb tsim lus, nws hom kev tu tub tu kiv, lub regularity ntawm cov qauv thiab tsim los ntawm lo lus thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nws cov kev ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv cov lus thiab kev hais lus).

Syntactic theem qhia txog cov syntax (kawm kev txawj ntse lug thiab cov txheej txheem recheporozhdeniya: mechanisms ntawm combining cov lus nyob rau hauv lub complex lug ntawm cov nqe lus thiab kab lus, hom ntawm cov yam ntxwv kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lo lus thiab kab lus, lus dab uas hais lus tshwm sim tsim).

Contrastive thiab typological linguistics

Comparative linguistics deals nrog lub systematic mus kom ze rau muab piv rau cov ntaus ntawv tsawg kawg yog ob lossis ntau hom lus, tsis hais ntawm lawv cov caj kev sib raug zoo. Muaj peev xwm muab piv thiab tej yam milestones nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug thiab tib yam lus - piv txwv li, lub system ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xaus ntawm qhov niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab lus thiab peb cov lus lub sij hawm ntawm Ancient Rus.

Typological linguistics regards qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi raznostrukturnyh lus nyob rau hauv "timeless" dimension (panhronichesky nam). Qhov no ua rau nws tau qhia hais tias yuav zoo ib yam (universal) nta cov yam ntxwv ntawm tib neeg cov lus nyob rau hauv feem ntau.

lus universals

General Linguistics nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb captures universal hom lus - cov lus qauv tshwm sim rau txhua hom lus nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no (tsis universals) los yog ib tug tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm hom lus (statistical universals).

Raws li tsis universals pom cov nram qab no nta:

• Rau tag nrho cov lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb no yog yus muaj los ntawm niam thiab nres consonants suab.
• Lub suab dej yog muab faib mus rau hauv lub suab, uas yog tas neeg nyob rau ntawm lub suab tshuab "cim + tsiaj ntawv."
• Proper nouns thiab tej lus no muaj nyob rau hauv txhua hom lus.
• Rau lub grammatical system ntawm cov lus cov yam ntxwv ntawm npe thiab verbs.
• Txhua yam lus muaj ib tug txheej ntawm cov lo lus rau kev tib neeg txoj kev xav, cwj pwm txawv los yog commands.
• Yog hais tias ib hom lus muaj rau hauv qeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los yog zoo, ces nws yog tas tam sim no thiab qeb tooj.
• Yog hais tias ib tus nyob rau hauv cov lus txwv los ntawm qhov, cov tib tau cai nyob rau hauv lub paug ntawm tej lus.
• Tag nrho cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no kom tawm nws kev xav rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib txuas lus nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim txog.
• Coordinative daim ntawv cog lus thiab cov tsev koom nyiaj yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.
• Tej lus nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no muaj ib tug sib piv Siv, phraseological kab zauv, metaphors.
• Universal taboo thiab cov cim ntawm lub hnub thiab lub hli.

Es thiaj tsis universals muaj xws li cov nram qab no cov tswvyim:

• Nyob rau hauv feem ntau hom lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb no muaj tsawg kawg yog ob tug sib txawv cim suab (tsuas yog - lub Australian Arunta yam lus).
• Nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm lub ntiaj teb hom lus tej lus sib txawv nyob rau hauv xov tooj uas tsis yog tsawg tshaj li ob (ib tug kos - lub inhabitants ntawm cov kob ntawm Java hom lus).
• Yuav luag tag nrho cov lus muaj qhov ntswg consonants (tsuas yog - ib co lus ntawm West Africa).

applied linguistics

Seem no deals nrog rau qhov kev kawm ntawm cov lus txoj kev loj hlob ncaj qha rau qhov chaw nyob txoj kev sib tw txuam nrog cov lus xyaum:

• kev txhim kho ntawm methodological cov cuab yeej nyob rau hauv kev qhia cov lus raws li ib tug niam tus nplaig thiab raws li ib tug txawv teb chaws hom lus;
• lub creation ntawm nws tus kheej-kev pab, siv, kev kawm thiab tshwj xeeb dictionaries, thov sib txawv ntau ntau thiab theem ntawm kev qhia ntawv;
• kev kawm hom kev kawm hais lus thiab sau ntawv zoo nkauj, meej, kom meej meej thiab txaus ntseeg dua (rhetoric);
• muaj peev xwm next mus rau lub hom lus kev cai, cov paub spelling (ntawm kev hais lus, orthoepy, spelling thiab cov cim);
• txoj kev txhim kho nyob rau hauv spelling, tsiaj ntawv, sau ntawv rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tsis muaj sau hom lus (piv txwv li, rau ib tug neeg cov lus Haiv neeg ntawm cov USSR nyob rau hauv 1930-1940-ies.), cov creation ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv thiab cov phau ntawv rau cov neeg dig muag;
• kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub shorthand thiab transliteration;
• tsim terminology qauv (GOST);
• txoj kev loj hlob ntawm translation kev txawj ntse, lub creation ntawm txawj hais ob thiab multilingual dictionaries ntawm ntau hom;
• Kev loj hlob ntawm lub automated tshuab txhais lus kev coj;
• lub creation ntawm ib tug computer lub suab Vocabulary tshuab hloov hais lus rau hauv ntaus ntawv (engineering los yog computational linguistics);
• lub tsim los ntawm cov neeg zoo li ntawv, hypertext, hluav taws xob databases thiab dictionaries, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm txoj kev tsom xam thiab ua (British National Corpus, BNC, Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Corpus);
• vib this kev loj hlob, copywriting, advertising thiab pej xeem sib raug zoo, thiab lwm yam