ATP qauv thiab lom lub luag hauj lwm. ATP zog

Txhua ntawm tes rau hauv peb lub cev coj qhov chaw lab ntawm biochemical kev tig cev. Lawv tshwmsim los ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm enzymes, uas feem ntau yuav tsum tau zog. Qhov twg yog qhov cell nws yuav siv sij hawm? Lo lus nug no yuav tsum teb los ntawm kev xav hauv tus qauv ntawm lub lwg me me ntawm ATP - ib tug loj qhov chaw ntawm lub zog.

ATP - lub universal qhov chaw ntawm lub zog

ATP stands rau adenosine, los yog adenosine triphosphate. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog ib tug ntawm ob tseem ceeb tshaj plaws qhov chaw ntawm lub zog nyob rau hauv txhua txhua cell. Tus qauv thiab lom luag hauj lwm ntawm ATP yog zoo yam. Feem ntau cov biochemical kev tig cev yuav muab qhov chaw tsuas nrog kev koom tes ntawm molecules ntawm lub substance, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv hnab yas metabolism. Txawm li cas los, ATP yog tsis tshua muaj ncaj qha kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm tej txheej txheem yuav tsum tau zog, nws yog encased nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj bonds ntawm ATP.

Tus qauv ntawm lub lwg me me ntawm lub substance xws li hais tias lub resulting kev twb kev txuas ntawm lub phosphate pawg tim ib tug lossis loj npaum li ntawm lub zog. Yog li, xws kev sib txuas lus no kuj hu ua high-zog los yog makroenergeticheskimi (macro = ntau loj xov tooj). Term zog bonds rau thawj lub sij hawm qhia ib tug paub txog F. Lipman, thiab nws yog npaj los siv kom xaiv lawv ̴ icon.

Nws yog tseem ceeb heev rau lub cell kom muaj ib tug tsis tu ncua theem ntawm ATP. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm nqaij hlwb thiab paj fibers, vim hais tias lawv yog cov feem ntau nrov heev nthe thiab ua raws li nws cov kev khiav dej num yuav tsum tau ib tug siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm adenosine triphosphate.

Tus qauv ntawm molecules ntawm ATP

ATP muaj peb hais: ribose thiab adenine residues ntawm phosphoric acid.

Ribose - carbohydrate, uas yog hais txog ib tug pentose pab pawg neeg. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ribose 5 carbon atoms uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub voj voog. Ribose yog kev cob cog rua nrog adenine β-N-glycosidic daim ntawv cog lus mus rau tus thawj carbon atom. Tsis tas li ntawd koom nrog cov pentose seem ntawm phosphoric acid nyob rau sis thib 5 ntawd carbon atom.

Adenine - ib tug nitrogenous puag. Nyob ntawm seb dab tsi zoo ntawm yooj yim nitrogen txuas mus rau lub ribose, raws li raug rho tawm GTP (guanosine triphosphate), TTP (thymidine), CTP (cytidine triphosphate) thiab UTP (uridine triphosphate). Tag nrho cov tshuaj yog zoo xws li cov nyob rau hauv cov qauv rau adenosine triphosphate thiab ua kwv yees li tib yam muaj nuj nqi, tiam sis lawv muaj nyob rau hauv lub cell yog ntau tsis tshua muaj heev.

Seem ntawm phosphoric acid. Yuav kom maximize ribose yuav koom peb seem ntawm phosphoric acid. Yog hais tias ob tug ntawm lawv los yog tsuas yog ib tug, ntsig txog, ib yam khoom uas hu ua ADP (diphosphate) thiab AMP (monophosphate). Nws yog xaus ntawm lub phosphorus residues makroenergeticheskie kev twb kev txuas, uas yog tso tawm raws li qhov kev sib tawg ntawm los ntawm 40 mus rau 60 kJ ntawm lub zog. Yog hais tias ob bonds yog tawg, sawv 80, yam tsawg kawg - 120 kJ ntawm lub zog. Thaum so kev sib txuas lus nruab nrab ntawm cov ribose moiety thiab phosphorus yog tso tawm tsuas 13,8 kJ, li ntawd, tsuas yog ob tug triphosphate molecule macroergic kev twb kev txuas (P ̴ ̴ F P), thiab nyob rau hauv lub molecule ntawm ADP - ib (P ̴ P).

Ntawm no yog dab tsi yog qhov yam ntxwv ntawm ATP qauv. Vim lub fact tias nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub phosphoric acid residues tsim makroenergeticheskaya daim ntawv cog lus qauv thiab ATP zog txuas.

Tus qauv thiab lom luag hauj lwm ntawm ATP molecules. Ntxiv nta ntawm adenosine triphosphate

Dhau li zog, ATP yuav ua tau ntau yam lwm yam kev khiav dej num nyob rau hauv lub cell. Nrog rau lwm yam nucleotide triphosphate triphosphate muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm nucleic acid. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ATP, GTP, TTP, CTP thiab UTP yog muab kev pab ntawm nitrogenous bases. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse yog siv nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm DNA replication thiab transcription.

ATP tseem yog tsim nyog rau ion raws. Piv txwv li, Na-K channel twj sodium 3 molecules los ntawm hlwb thiab tso poov tshuaj 2 molecule rau hauv ib lub cell. Qhov no ion tam sim no uas yuav tsum tau kom muaj qhov zoo xwb nyob rau hauv cov txheej nto ntawm daim nyias nyias, thiab tsuas yog siv ATP channel yuav ua kom zoo. Tib yam siv rau lub proton thiab calcium raws.

ATP yog ib tug precursor ntawm ob txib Camp (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) - Camp tsis tsuas hau ib lub teeb liab tau cell daim nyias nyias receptors, tab sis kuj yog ib qho allosteric effector. Allosteric effectors - yog tshuaj uas ceev los yog qeeb tus enzymatic tshua. Yog li, cyclic adenosine cheeb qhov uas cov enzyme uas catalyzes lub cleavage ntawm lactose hauv lub hlwb ntawm ib tug kab mob.

ATP molecule nws tus kheej muaj peev xwm kuj yuav muaj ib allosteric effector. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv xws dab antagonist ATP ADP ua raws li yog triphosphate accelerates cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, ces cheeb diphosphate, thiab vice versa. Cov no yog cov kev khiav dej num thiab cov qauv ntawm ATP.

Raws li cov ATP tsim nyob rau hauv lub cell

Muaj nuj nqi thiab cov qauv ntawm ATP muaj xws li hais tias tus molecules ntawm lub substance yog siv sai sai thiab yuav raug rhuav tshem. Yog li ntawd triphosphate synthesis - yog ib tug tseem ceeb txoj kev ntawm lub zog tsim nyob rau hauv lub cell.

Muaj peb yam tseem ceeb heev txoj kev rau synthesis ntawm adenosine triphosphate:

1. Lub substrate ntsev.

2. Oxidative ntsev.

3. ntsev.

Substrate ntsev yog raws li nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev tshua tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub cell cytoplasm. Cov tshua yog hu ua glycolysis - co theem ntawm aerobic respiration. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ib phaum ntawm glycolysis los ntawm 1 zib molecule yog tsim los ntawm ob tug molecules ntawm pyruvic acid yog ntxiv siv los tsim lub zog, thiab ob tsim ATP.

• C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + + 2ADF 2Fn -> 2C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 4H + 2ATF.

Oxidative ntsev. cell ua pa

Oxidative ntsev - yog lub tsim ntawm ATP los ntawm hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv lub electron thauj saw ntawm daim nyias nyias. Raws li ib tug ntawm xws li hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm proton gradient yog tsim rau ib sab ntawm daim nyias nyias thiab siv ib tug txheej ntawm protein ib ATP synthase yog muaj molecules. Cov txheej txheem yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub mitochondrial membrane.

Cov kab ntawm cov kauj ruam ntawm glycolysis thiab oxidative ntsev nyob rau hauv mitochondria yog cov general txheej txheem uas hu ua tsis taus pa. Tom qab tag nrho cov kev voj voog los ntawm 1 molecule ntawm zib nyob rau hauv lub cell 36 yog tsim ntawm ATP molecules.

photophosphorylation

Ntsev txheej txheem - qhov no yog tib oxidative ntsev nrog tsuas yog ib qhov sib txawv: cov ntsev tshua tshwm sim nyob rau hauv chloroplasts hlwb nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub teeb. ATP ua thaum lub sij hawm photosynthesis teeb theem - qhov yooj yim txoj kev txais zog ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntsuab, algae thiab ib co kab mob.

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis rau tib lub electron-thauj saw pass electrons, uas ua rau ib tug proton gradient. Lub concentration ntawm protons rau ntawm ib sab ntawm daim nyias nyias yog ib qhov chaw ntawm ATP synthesis. Assembling molecules nqa los ntawm lub enzyme ATP synthase.

Nthuav lus tseeb hais txog ATP

- Qhov nruab nrab ntawm tes muaj 0,04% ntawm tag nrho cov loj ntawm adenosine triphosphate. Txawm li cas los, qhov tseem ceeb yog cai nyob rau hauv cov leeg hlwb: 0.2-0.5%.

- Nyob rau hauv lub cell, hais txog 1 billion molecules ntawm ATP.

- Txhua molecule tsis nyob ntau tshaj li 1 feeb.

- Ib tug ATP molecule yog tshiab txhua hnub 2000-3000 lub sij hawm.

- Nyob rau hauv sum, ib hnub twg ntawm tib neeg lub cev synthesizes 40kg adenosine triphosphate, thiab txhua lub sij hawm lub Tshuag ntawm ATP yog 250 g

xaus

ATP qauv thiab lom luag hauj lwm ntawm nws molecules yog ze ze. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw ua ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm lub neej, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv lub zog daim ntawv cog lus nruab nrab ntawm cov phosphate residues muaj ib tug lossis loj npaum li ntawm lub zog. ATP ua ntau zog nyob rau hauv lub cell, thiab yog li ntawd nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom muaj ib tug tsis tu ncua concentration ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Neej puas thiab synthesis yog mus nyob ib kev kub ceev, piv txwv li. Yuav kom. Lub zog kev sib raug zoo tas li siv nyob rau hauv biochemical kev tig cev. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb muaj tej yam uas cell nyob rau hauv lub cev. Ntawm no, tej zaum, tag nrho cov uas yuav hais txog dab tsi cov qauv yog ATP.