Birch tawv - yog ib tug tseem ceeb keeb kwm ntaub ntawv

Birch tawv - yog private lus thiab cov ntaub ntawv 10-16 centuries, cov ntawv nyeem uas twb thov mus rau birch ntoo. Cov thawj xws ntaub ntawv tau pom los ntawm Lavxias teb sab historians nyob rau hauv Novgorod nyob rau hauv 1951 thaum lub sij hawm ib tug ntoj ke mus kawm lub historian ntawm archeology nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj ntawm AV Artsikhovsky. Txij thaum ntawd los, nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm no foundations txhua txhua xyoo lom nyob rau hauv Novgorod nyiaj so koobtsheej - hnub ntawm birch ntoo. Uas ntoj ke mus kawm coj cuaj ntau xws seev, thiab los ntawm 1970 lawv muaj 464 daim twb pom. Novgorod birchbark cov ntaub ntawv, archaeologists pom nyob rau hauv cov av khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, qhov twg qhov seem ntawm ancient cov nroj tsuag thiab khaws khib nyiab yuav.

Feem ntau ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv nyob rau birch ntoo yog cov tsiaj ntawv. Lawv kov rau ntau yam nyiaj txiag thiab domestic teeb meem, kis tau cov lus qhia thiab piav qhov teeb meem. birch ntoo kuj tau pom ib nrab-jokingly thiab frivolous cov ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, Arkhipovskaya nrws twb pom, uas muaj cov tawm tsam ntawm lub peasants tiv thaiv lawv masters, tsis txaus siab txog lawv txoj hmoo thiab cov npe Manor misdemeanors.

Cov ntawv nyeem nyob rau birch ntoo qhia txog ib tug yooj yooj yim thiab txheej thaum ub txoj kev - kos tawm nws sharpened hlau los yog pob txha pisalom (pin). Pre-kho daim tawv nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav luaj rau cov tsiaj ntawv. Cov ntawv nyeem yog muab tso rau hauv birch ntoo nyob rau hauv ib tug kab, nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, tsis muaj faib nws mus rau hauv lus. Thaum sau ntawv luag yeej tsis siv lub cev tsis kho number case. Birch tawv yog feem ntau luv luv thiab pragmatic, tsuas yog tus tseem ceeb tshaj uas muaj nyob rau hauv nws. Lub fact tias cov neeg tau kev pab thiab tus sau paub, yog tsis hais nyob rau hauv nws.

Lub archives thiab puas khaws cia ntau tsis ntev los no cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov tsiaj ntawv sau rau ntawm birch ntoo. Pom txawm tag nrho cov phau ntawv. SV Maksimov, Lavxias teb sab ethnographer thiab txawj sau ntawv, hais tias nws pom cov phau ntawv nyob rau hauv Mezen birch ntoo Laus ntseeg.

Birch tawv raws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv uas rau kev sau ntawv thiab kis tau tus mob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, tau ntawm kev ncua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th, tab sis tau poob nws tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th. Nws twb ces lug siv ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm Russia pom ib daim ntawv, uas yog cheaper. Txij li thaum tawv twb siv raws li ib tug thib ob cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv nruab nrab. Yeej nws twb siv rau commoners tus kheej cov ntaub ntawv thiab lwm xov xwm thiab official ntawv thiab cov lus ntawm lub teb chaws tseem ceeb raug kaw nyob rau hauv parchment.

Maj mam Tawv thiab mus tawm ntawm lub hav zoov. Nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov pom cov tsiaj ntawv, uas raug sau kev tsis txaus siab mus rau lub official, tus neeg tshawb fawb pom qhia rau sau dua tshiab tus txheem ntawm lub birch ntoo rau parchment thiab ces xa mus rau lub chaw nyob.

cov tsiaj ntawv sib tam tshwm sim mas stratigraphic txoj kev - raws li nyob rau hauv cov txheej nyob rau hauv uas qhov khoom twb ntes tau. Ib tug tej yam muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv nyob rau hauv birch ntoo sau hnub tim ua tsaug rau ib tug mention nyob rau hauv cov keeb kwm cov txheej xwm los yog ib qho tseem ceeb cov neeg.

Birch tawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb qhov twg los rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm peb cov lus. Hais tias nws yog tau mus nrhiav kom tau lub chronology los yog cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm kev txawj ntse ntawm ib tug lus tshwm sim, raws li zoo raws li lub sij hawm ntawm zoo li thiab cov etymology ntawm ib lo lus muaj ntau ntau yam lus uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub charters, tsis paub hais tias los ntawm lwm yam ancient qhov chaw. Yeej, cov no yog cov lus domestic teeb meem nyob rau hauv uas muaj zoo tsis muaj lub caij nyoog tau mus rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm neeg sau ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm.