Ammonium nitrate

Tshuaj ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 mis uas, rau ib ntev lub sij hawm lub npe hu rau chemists, tsis tau nyob rau hauv 1659 nws qhib lub IR Glauber. Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem, nws kis rau lwm tus lub npe rau qhov no compound - ammonium nitrate. Externally ammonium nitrate yog dawb muaju muaj siab hygroscopicity. Lub ib kub npau npau taw tes ntawm lub compound yog 235 ° C thiab 169,6 ° C nrog ammonium nitrate pib rau yaj. Muaj ntau ntau siv lead ua modifications, uas yog heev tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv cov tshuaj thiab lub zog thiab nws tau.

Piv txwv li, cov kev txawv no yog tias ntau yam kev hloov kho muaj ntau siv lead ua daim ntawv ntawm cov ntxaij ntoo. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho muaj tsib xws modifications. Rau cov thawj cov kev hloov kho yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug nyhav zoo ntawm tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo, rau lub 2 thiab 5 - tetragonicheskaya rau 3 thiab 4 - orthorhombic. Yog li raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev hloov los ntawm ib tug compound mus rau lwm cov kev hloov kho kuaj gradual tab sis khov kho nce nyob rau hauv chav tsev cell volume. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse ua rau cov sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj zog. Yog li, piv txwv li, kev hloov kho IV khoom muaj ib tug ntom 1,725 g / cm3, melting kub yog twb 139,4S °.

Lub solubility ntawm ammonium nitrate raws li nram no: ib puas grams dej ntawm 0 ° C 119 grams ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog yaj nyob rau hauv ib tug kub ntawm 25 ° C 212 grams ntawm twb yaj, thiab ntawm 50 ° C - 346 grams ntawm ammonium nitrate. Tsis tas li ntawd, ammonium nitrate yuav ua neej nyob rau hauv pyridine, methanol thiab ethanol. Ib tug heev ib qho tseem ceeb cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov compound ua uas nyob rau ntawm ib tug tej yam kev txiav txim, los yog thaum lub ambient kub ntawm tshaj 270 ° C, ammonium nitrate decomposes, ua heev nyhuv.

Nrog ntsuas yuav txhais tau ib tug acidic ib puag ncig, uas muaj cov ammonium nitrate hydrolysis nrog nws koom tes yog ib tug cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv uas yuav tsum tau sau raws li: NH4NO3 + H2O = NH4OH + HNO3 . Ammonium nitrate reacts nrog alkaline daws teeb meem. Raws li ib tug ntawm xws li tshua los tsim ammonia, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev nws tus kheej uas ua li ib tug zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv rau ammonium nitrate.

Feem ntau, ib yam khoom uas tau los ntawm nqa tawm neutralization ntawm 60% HNO3. Raws li cov neutralizing neeg sawv cev siv NH3 nyob rau hauv lub gaseous lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem thaum tshav kub kub yog tso tawm, uas yog raws kev coj kom lub evaporation ntawm kev daws ntawm ammonium nitrate thiab lub resulting cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm granules.

Cov feem ntau siv ammonium nitrate nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb, raws li ib tug tseem ceeb nitrogen chiv. Active compound siv nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm explosives, raws li zoo raws li ib tug reagent - raws li kuab zirconium nyob rau hauv cov roj cov ntsiab, thaum lub sij hawm lwm lub lag luam ntawm nuclear pov tseg. Lub cev thiab tshuaj zog ua ib tug mus tas nce nyob rau hauv kev thov nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj, yog li nws cov yog tshee loj hlob thiab niaj hnub no nce mus txog 20 lab tons ib xyoo, nrog recalculation ntawm qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv nitrogen sib qhia.

Ammonium nitrate yuav ua li cas nyob rau hauv lub laboratory nyob rau hauv kev ua raws cai nrog rau cov strictest xyuam xim thiab muaj kev ruaj ntseg cov kev cai. Rau lub hom phiaj no, nyob rau hauv ib tug ice da dej nws tsim heev dilute nitric acid thiab ammonium hydroxide (aqueous ammonia). Yuav kom xws li ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv yog zoo tshaj plaws remotely, e.g., nrog rau cov kev siv ntawm manipulators, thiab ua nyob rau hauv ib tug txaus muaj kev ruaj ntseg deb ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub mixed tov. Nqa tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj nyob rau hauv ib qhov acid yog zoo nyob rau hauv ib tug ammonia daws nyob rau ib periodic soj ntsuam ntawm qhov ntsuas (litmus) tau ib tug nruab nrab ras txog mob. Nyob rau hauv tib yam thiab muab tswj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Thaum tshaj acidic ib puag ncig - yog ntxiv rau ib tug tov ntawm ib tug alkaline tivthaiv, thiab vice versa.