Tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv - pa tshuaj tshua rooj vag

Mus piv rau cov tshuaj dab thiab ib tug zoo xaav ntawm lawv Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv siv. Nws yog ib tug nyob ntawm nkag sis tej nrog txhua lwm yam thiab, raws li ib tug yuav tau txais, tus tsim ntawm cov khoom tshiab. Nrog rau qhov no schematic "duab", rau cov ua raws li ntawm txoj cai ntawm kev txuag ntawm loj substance siv zauv coefficients. Qhov no qhia cov tshuaj tshua siv xov tooj thiab cim npaj nyob rau hauv 1615 Zhan Pib. Tom qab ntawd, tom qab qhib ntawm lub stoichiometry ntawm cov kev cai pib siv ntau qhov tseem ceeb.

Tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv yog sau raws li nram no:

1. Lub sab laug sab ntawm lub schematic "duab" yog tshuaj ntawm uas tus sis ntawm lawv yog muab tso rau hauv lub kos npe rau "+". Nyob rau sab laug sab - cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom, i.e., tshiab tebchaw uas tsim. Ntawm sab laug thiab txoj cai feem tso xub qhia cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Piv txwv li, C + E → CE.
2. Tom qab ntawd, coefficients cov txheej txheem, uas nws ua hauj lwm "rau theem", i.e. yuav ua rau tus xov tooj ntawm txhua hom ntawm atoms ua ntej cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog sib npaug zos rau cov xov tooj ntawm atoms tom qab nws. Yog li, lub "ua hauj lwm" kev cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag ntawm loj. Piv txwv li, 2HCl - H ₂ + Cl _2.

Muaj yog ib tug cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev tig tau kab zauv uas qhia cov dependence ntawm cov nqi ndlwg ntawm cov tshuaj txheej txheem rau lub concentration ntawm tshuaj unreacted. Tej yam yooj yim xws tshua nyob rau hauv ib kauj ruam, schematically sau raws li: V = k [A _1] n ¹ * [A _2] n ^2, wherein

V - tshaj tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv;

[A _1], [A _2] - substance concentration;

K - qhov ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi, uas yog nyob rau ntawm qhov xwm ntawm tus unreacted tshuaj thiab kub;

n ^1, n ² - kev txiav txim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Yog hais tias qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv hais nyob rau hauv ob peb kauj ruam, ces ua li lub system ntawm kev tig tau sib npaug, txhua tus uas yuav tau piav nyias.

Tsis tas li ntawd ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib hom yog cov ionic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv uas rau nws npaj muaj nta raws li kaw nyob rau ntawd yam yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ions. Tej tshuaj sis cov ntaub ntawv schematic raug tsuas yog rau cov hloov tshua thiab cov kev pauv nyob rau hauv aqueous lub ntsiab los yog alloys, thaum lub sij hawm uas ib tug precipitate tsim, tsis zoo dissociable tshuaj (dej) los yog roj yog ua. Piv txwv li: nkag mus rau hauv ib tug tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, hydrochloric acid thiab poov tshuaj hydroxide, nyob rau lub ntsev tsim thiab dej.

HCl + KOH- KCl + H ₂ O

Sau cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ions, nrog rau cov kev zam ntawm dej, raws li nws tsis dissociate. Qhov no kab zauv yuav tsum tau hu ua ib tug tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ionic.

H ^{+ +} Cl ^{- +} K ^{+ + OH - --K + + Cl} - + H ₂ O

Tam sim no, nyob rau hauv no cov tswvyim, raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev zoo sib thooj, rau sab laug thiab sab xis ntawm "txiav" repetitive ions thiab tau:

H ⁺ + OH ^- - H ₂ O.

Txawm redox cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, yus muaj los ntawm ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv oxidation lub xeev ntawm atoms yuav muaj ib tug schematic kos duab nyob rau hauv cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv. Atoms tsim nyog los mus txiav txim hais tias hloov oxidation lub xeev, thiab tsim ib qho hluav taws xob tshuav nyiaj li cas, raws li nyob rau hauv uas ces npaj coefficients.

Yog li, cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv yog ib tug schematic account tag nrho cov complex txheej txheem ntawm lub tsim ntawm tshiab tshuaj los ntawm decomposition, tebchaw ntawm hloov chaw thiab sib pauv. Nws kuj muaj ib tug zoo thiab ntau ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub reactants thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom.