Tawg units. tob tob tawg ntsuas chav tsev

Txij li thaum lub nruab nrab ntawm lub xeem tiam, science tau tuaj ib lo lus tshiab - tawg. Nws foundations muaj revolutionized minds ntawm physicists nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no thiab tso cai rau muab pov tseg ib co Newtonian theories thiab ua bold xav txog cov qauv ntawm cov ntug, nws creation thiab peb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv nws. Tab sis tag nrho cov no - rau cov kws txawj. Lub townsfolk kuj tsuas xyu thiab sim daim ua ke xws li disparate paub txog qhov no. Complicating tus txheej txheem yog qhov tseeb hais tias cov tawg tsev muaj ib tug heev heev thiab lawv muaj tag nrho cov cai.

terminology

Cov thawj lub sij hawm, uas yuav tsum tau raws li - yog, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, tawg. Yog li ntawd hu ua emission txheej txheem tej yam khoom uas ntawm feeb hais, xws li electrons, protons, neutrons, Helium atoms, thiab lwm tus neeg. Nyob ntawm seb lub hom particle tawg zog txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam. Emission muaj cai yog nyob rau hauv lub lwj mus rau hauv yooj yim tshuaj, tog twg los nyob rau hauv lawv cov synthesis.

Tawg ntsuas unit - ib tug pa notions uas qhia yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam elementary hais tso tawm los ntawm cov khoom. Thaum lub caij, physics ua hauj lwm uas muaj xya lub sib txawv units, thiab ob peb ua ke ntawd. Qhov no ua rau nws tau los piav qhia txog ntau yam dab uas coj qhov chaw nrog rau cov teeb meem.

Tej lwj - arbitrary kev hloov ntawm cov qauv ntawm tsis ruaj tsis khov nuclei ntawm atoms siv tso tawm microparticles.

Decay qhov - nws yog ib tug statistical tswvyim, cua qhov tshwm sim rau tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm lub atom rau ib tug tej lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm.

Lub ib nrab-lub neej - ib lub sij hawm luv thaum lub sij hawm uas decomposes ib nrab ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Ib txhia hais ntawm nws suav nyob rau hauv feeb, thaum lwm tus neeg - lub xyoo thiab txawm decades.

Yuav ua li cas yog ntsuas tawg

Chav ntawm hluav taws xob ntsuas - tsis tsuas yog sawv daws yuav uas siv los soj ntsuam cov khoom ntawm tej ntaub ntawv. Kuj siv muaj xws li qhov tseem ceeb li:
- Kev ua tawg qhov chaw;
- flux ceev (tus naj npawb ntawm ionizing hais ib chav tsev cheeb tsam).

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, muaj ib tug txawv nyob rau hauv qhov kev piav qhia ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm hluav taws xob rau cov neeg ciaj thiab uas tsis yog-nyob tej khoom. Yog li ntawd, yog tias tswg yeeb tshuaj, uas muaj feem xyuam rau nws lub tswvyim:

- lub absorbed koob;
- raug koob tshuaj.

Yog hais tias cov tawg ntxim rau cov nyob ntaub so ntswg, lub nqe lus nram qab no yuav siv:

- sib npaug koob;
- zoo sib npaug koob;
- koob nqi.

tawg units yog, raws li twb hais saum toj no, pa numeric qhov tseem ceeb npaum li cas los zaum los pab txhawb suav thiab constructing hypotheses thiab theories. Tej zaum qhov no yog vim li cas muaj yog tsis muaj ib qho common unit ntawm kev ntsuas.

Curie

Ib tug ntawm cov tawg units yog ib tug curie. Nws tsis siv rau koj lub cev (tsis yog mus rau lub SI system). Nyob rau hauv Russia, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv nuclear physics thiab tshuaj. Active tshuaj yuav sib npaug ib curie ib ob yog hais tias nws yuav tshwm sim 3.7 milliardov tej decays. Uas yog hais tias ib tug curie yog sib npaug zos rau peb billion xya puas lab becquerels.

Qhov no muaj pes tsawg tus yog vim lub fact tias Mariya Kyuri (uas nkag tau rau hauv science lub sij hawm) ua lawv thwmsim rau radium thiab coj raws li ib lub hauv paus rau nws tus nqi ntawm lwj. Tab sis thaum lub sij hawm, physicists tau txiav txim siab hais tias cov zauv tus nqi ntawm no unit yog zoo dua rau ua raws li cov lwm yam - becquerel. Nws yog ua tau kom tsis txhob muaj ib co ntawm cov uas tsis nyob rau hauv zauv.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus Ci, koj muaj peev xwm feem ntau nrhiav tau cov zauv los yog submultiples, xws li:
- megacuries (sib npaug zos rau 3.7 rau 10 mus rau 16 degree becquerels);
- kilocurie (3.7 txhiab billion becquerels);
- mc (37 lab becquerels);
- microcuries (37,000 becquerels).

Nrog rau qhov no unit yuav qhia nyob rau hauv volume, nto, los yog cov kev ua si ntawm lub substance.

Becquerel

Unit koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob Becquerel yog mauj thiab yog muaj nyob rau hauv International Chav (SI) system. Nws yog heev yooj yim, vim hais tias cov tawg ua si ntawm ib becquerel txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv tshuaj muaj tsuas yog ib tug neeg lwj ib ob.

Nws tau txais nws lub npe nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm Antuana Anri Becquerel, Fabkis physicist. Lub npe tau pom zoo nyob rau thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem thiab yog tseem siv niaj hnub no. Vim qhov no yog ib tug ncaj me me chav tsev, nws yog siv los xa mus rau cov kev ua ntawm cov zauv tsiaj ntawv ua pib: kilo, milli, micro, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Tsis ntev los no, nrog rau Becquerel tau siv Common Chav xws li Ci thiab rd. Rutherford sib npaug ib lab becquerels. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev piav qhia ntawm tej los yog nto kev ua si yuav tsum pom designations Becquerel ib kilogram Becquerel ib 'meter' (square los yog nyhav) thiab ntau yam derivatives thereof.

X-ray

Unit ntawm kev ntsuas X-ray tawg, dhau lawm, tsis yog ib tug system, txawm hais tias lug siv los xa mus rau kis koob tau txais gamma tawg. Ib tug X-ray yog ib tug tawg koob thaum uas ib tug nyhav centimeter ntawm huab cua nyob rau hauv tus qauv atmospheric siab thiab pes tsawg kub Dais ib tug saib xyuas ntawm 3.3 * (10 * -10). Qhov no yog sib npaug zos rau ob lab officers ntawm ions.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias raws li Lavxias teb sab txoj cai, feem ntau uas tsis yog-SI units yog txwv tsis pub siv X-rays siv nyob rau hauv lub npav ntawm dosimeters. Tab sis lawv yuav sai sai tsum tau siv, raws li yog ntau tswv yim rau cov ntaub ntawv thiab xam tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv grey thiab sievert.

zoo siab

rad Unit ntawm hluav taws xob yog nyob sab nraum lub SI system thiab sib npaug tus xov tooj ntawm tej tawg, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug gram ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog kis tau ib tug lab joules ntawm lub zog. Uas yog ib tug txaus siab - nws yog 0.01 Joule ib kilogram ntawm qhov teeb meem.

A khoom uas absorbs lub zog tej zaum yuav yog ib tug nyob ntaub so ntswg, thiab lwm yam organic thiab inorganic yam thiab tshuaj yeeb dej caw: av, dej, cua. Raws li ib tug neeg sab nraud tsev rad twb qhia nyob rau hauv 1953 thiab Russia muaj txoj cai yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv physics thiab tshuaj.

Grey

Qhov no yog lwm chav tsev ntawm kev ntsuas ntawm hluav taws xob theem, uas yog paub los ntawm lub International System of Chav. Nws qhia lub absorbed koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw tau txais ib koob tshuaj ntawm ib tug grey, yog hais tias tus lub zog hais tias yog kis tau mus rau cov tawg, yog sib npaug zos rau ib Joule ib kilogram.

Qhov no unit tau txais nws lub npe nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm cov lus Askiv paub txog Lewis Grey, thiab kev lig kev cai ua tswvcuab rau science nyob rau hauv 1975. Raws li cov kev cai, tag nrho cov npe ntawm cov chav tsev yog spelled nrog ib tug lowercase tsab ntawv, tab sis nws tsiaj - ib tug loj ib tug. Ib tug grey yog sib npaug zos rau ib puas Radama. Dhau li tej yam yooj yim units, Science siv txawm zauv thiab sub-cov zauv ntawm lawv muaj sib npaug xws li kilogram, megagrey, detsigrey, santigrey, thiab lwm yam microg.

Sievert

Unit sievert tawg siv los txhais sib npaug thiab zoo koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob thiab tseem muaj nyob rau hauv lub SI li grey thiab Bq. Nws yuav siv nyob rau hauv science txij thaum 1978. Ib Sv yog sib npaug zos rau lub zog uas tau absorbed kilogram cov ntaub so ntswg sov tom qab raug tus kab mob ntawm gamma rays. Lub npe ntawm nws tsev lub npe hu ua tom qab Rolf Sievert, ib tus paub txog los ntawm Sweden.

Raws li lub ntsiab txhais, Sievert thiab greys yog, uas yog sib npaug thiab absorbed koob tshuaj yog cov loj tib yam. Tab sis qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv yog tseem muaj. Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim qhov sib npaug koob tsim nyog los xav txog tsis tsuas muaj nuj nqis tab sis kuj cov lwm yam khoom ntawm lub tawg, xws li wavelength, amplitude, thiab cov uas hais sawv cev rau nws. Yog li ntawd, cov zauv tus nqi ntawm cov absorbed koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob yog multiplied by qhov zoo tshaj.

Piv txwv li, tag nrho lwm yam kev mob ua sib npaug zos, cov nyhuv ntawm haum ntawm alpha hais yuav nees nkaum lub sij hawm ntau tshaj tus tib koob tshuaj gamma tawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaub so ntswg tau yuav tsum tau raug xam tias, uas qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas lub cev teb tawg. Yog li ntawd, qhov sib npaug koob tshuaj no yog siv nyob rau hauv radiobiology thiab zoo - nyob rau hauv lub Occupational Health (rau normalize lub hluav taws xob kis).

hnub ci tas li

Muaj yog ib tug kev tshawb xav hais tias lub neej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no twb tau pom raws li lub hnub ci tawg. Chav kev ntsuas ntawm hluav taws xob los ntawm cov hnub qub - cov calorie ntau ntau thiab watts rms ib chav tsev lub sij hawm. Yog li ntawd nws tau txiav txim siab, vim hais tias cov magnitude ntawm cov tawg los ntawm lub hnub yog txiav txim los ntawm tus nqi ntawm tshav kub uas yog ua los ntawm cov khoom, thiab cov kev siv uas nws yog nkag. Nws los txog rau lub ntiaj teb cia li ib nrab ntawm ib millionth ntawm tag nrho cov nqi ntawm tawm txim liab zog.

Tawg los ntawm lub hnub qub yog faib nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv peb cov cua tau txais nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov rays. Lub spectrum ntawm no tawg yog heev ntau - los ntawm "dawb nrov nrov", piv txwv li lub xov tooj cua tsis mus X-rays. Hais uas tseem poob ua ke nrog tawg - yog protons, tab sis tej zaum electrons yuav ua tau (yog hais tias tus tso tawm ntawm lub zog yog siab dua).

Lub tawg tau txais los ntawm lub hnub, yog tus tsav tsheb quab yuam ntawm tag nrho cov nyob dab rau lub ntiaj chaw. Tus nqi ntawm lub zog peb tau txais nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawm lub xyoo, cov kev cai ntawm lub hnub qub nyob rau hauv lub ntuj thiab lub transparency ntawm cov cua.

tawg tej yam nyob rau hauv nyob creatures

Yog hais tias zoo tib yam nyob rau hauv lawv cov yam ntxwv nyob cov ntaub so ntswg irradiated nrog ntau hom ntawm hluav taws xob (nyob rau hauv tib lub koob tshuaj thiab siv), ces qhov kev tshwm sim yuav tsum sib txawv. Yog li ntawd, los mus txiav txim cov teebmeem ntawm tsuas me ntsis absorbed los yog tau nphav raug tshuaj, ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tswg khoom. Hnyuj hnyo rau cov scene chav tsev ntawm ionizing tawg, xws li greys thiab Sieverts rems, uas taw tes rau ib tug sib npaug koob tshuaj ntawm hluav taws xob.

Hu ua sib npaug koob absorbed los ntawm nyob ntaub so ntswg, thiab khoo los ntawm lub zwj ceeb (tabular) piv uas yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account yuav ua li cas txaus ntshai ib co daim ntawv ntawm hluav taws xob. Feem ntau cov feem ntau siv los mus ntsuas nws lub sievert. Ib sievert yog sib npaug zos rau ib puas beram. Qhov loj qhov piv, ntsig txog, txaus ntshai tawg. Yog li ntawd, rau photons yog - ib chav tsev, thiab rau lub neutrons thiab alpha hais - nees nkaum.

Txij li thaum lub Chernobyl kev huam yuaj nyob rau hauv Russia thiab lwm yam CIS lub teb chaws muaj rau them tshwj xeeb mloog mus rau theem ntawm hluav taws xob kis rau tus txiv neej. Equivalent koob tshuaj los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj tsib millisieverts ib xyoo.

Kev txiav txim ntawm radionuclides tsis yog nyob khoom

Tej hais nqa ib tug saib xyuas ntawm lub zog hais tias lawv qhia qhov quav, thaum ntsib nws. Thiab thaum lub particle touches rau lawv txoj kev nrog ib tug tej tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw, qhov ntau nws yuav tau txais lub zog. Tus nqi ntawm nws cov soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv koob tshuaj.

1. Absorbed koob tshuaj - yog tus nqi ntawm hluav taws xob uas tau txais yog leejtwg substance. Ntsuas nyob rau hauv greys. Qhov no tus nqi tsis tau dab tsi rau qhov tseeb hais tias tej yam ntawm ntau hom ntawm hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem no sib txawv.
2. Raug tshuaj - yog absorbed koob, tab sis, nrog cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm ionization ntawm txawv tshuaj los ntawm raug tej hais. Ntsuas nyob rau hauv coulombs ib kilogram, los yog X-rays.