Sulfides thiab hydrosulfides. Hydrosulfide thiab ammonium sulfide

Los ntawm sulphides xws li organic thiab inorganic tshuaj tebchaw, ib tug leej faj atom nyob rau hauv nws cov molecule yog ua ke nrog ib co co los yog uas tsis yog-hlau. Rau inorganic sulfides raug tebchaw yog hydrogen sulfide (H2S), teej tug mus rau cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm acids thiab ammonium sulfide (formula (NH4) 2s), teej tug mus rau cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm ntsev. Tsis tas li ntawd sulfides ntawm hlau thiab nonmetals c general mis KxSy (nyob qhov twg K - yog ib tug hlau los yog nonmetal ntawv, thiab S - acidic hydrogen sulphide residue, x thiab y - nqi ntawm cov hlau cations thiab anions ntawm lub acid moiety nyob rau hauv lub molecule, ntsig txog), xa mus rau cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm ntsev. Piv txwv li, hlau sulfide (II) FeS. Organic sulfides - ib tug tshuaj yeeb tshuaj, ib tug leej faj atom nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv txuam nrog hydrocarbon radicals. Qhov no mercaptides (thioethers) ntawm lub dav mis RSR ', thiab R thiab R' - hydrocarbon radicals.

Tag nrho cov tshuaj tebchaw uas nws molecules muaj ib tug hlau atom, thiab atoms ntawm ib co neeg uas tsis yog-hlau (boron B, phosphorus P, pob zeb ntais Si, arsenic Raws li), txuas mus rau cov leej faj atom (S) nrog ib tug degree ntawm oxidation sib npaug zos rau rho tawm 2, feem ntau yog cov ntsev H2S hydrogen sulphide . Inorganic sulfides (tsuas yog H2S), e.g., sulfide, ammonium sulfide los yog boron, yog lam xav los ua ib tug nruab nrab ntsev, txij li thaum ob leeg ntawm lub hydrogen sulphide acid hydrogen atoms tau hloov los ntawm lwm cov cations. Yog hais tias lub hydrogen sulphide nyob rau hauv lub acid, tsuas yog ib atom yog hloov los ntawm cations (uas yog raug rau alkaline lub ntiaj teb thiab alkali hlau), ntsev yuav tsim acid ntsev. Piv txwv ntawm inorganic hydrosulfides (bisulfide lwm yam) tej zaum yuav tebchaw xws li ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4HS Formula) los yog sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS). Nyob rau hauv hydrosulfides molecules, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau sulfide, los yog ib tug acid anion residue yog HS-. Organic hydrosulfide xws li mercaptans (thiols thiab thioalcohols) ntawm lub dav mis RSH, qhov twg R - hydrocarbon radical. Mercaptides thiab mercaptans yog yus muaj los ntawm nws kim heev nomenclature, li ntawd, lawv yuav tsum tau ntxiv saib xyuas.

Feem ntau cov sulfides muaj kaj coloring. Nyob rau hauv dej zoo soluble tsuas ammonium sulfide thiab sulfides ntawm alkali hlau. Xyaum insoluble nyob rau hauv dej, tshuav hlau sulphides. Txij li thaum lub sulfides yog hydrogen sulfide ntsev ntawm muaj zog acids, lawv cov dej-soluble cov neeg sawv cev muaj peev xwm yuav hydrolyzed. Rau sulfides tsim los ntawm cov hlau nrog ib tug high school cov oxidation lub xeev los yog, yog hais tias lawv hydroxides tsis muaj zog bases (e.g., Cr2S3, Al2S3, etc.), feem ntau hydrolysis proceeds irreversibly. Sulfides yog me me kom txhob muaj kab mob, hnov mob nrog atmospheric oxygen ntawm txhawb kub tsim ntsev, nyob rau hauv uas cov leej faj atom muaj ib tug ntau dua degree ntawm oxidation, xws li sulfates thiab leej faj dioxide. ammonium sulfide yog siv nyob rau hauv photography, nyob rau hauv lub textile kev lag luam. Sulfides yog siv raws li semiconductor cov ntaub ntawv, phosphors, nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb.

Lub sulfides tej zaum yuav ua los ntawm txawv txoj kev. Ammonium sulfide (lub npe hu ua lwm lub npe ntawm no ntsev - diammonium sulfide) yog npaj los ntawm reacting hydrogen sulfide nrog ib tug dhau heev lawm ntawm ammonia: H2S + 2 NH3 → (NH4) 2s. Ntau resistant acid ntsev ntawm hydrogen sulfide yog hlau sulfide FeS, uas muaj peev xwm nkaus xwb yuav decomposed los ntawm cua kub nyob rau hauv vacuo kom tau nws (qhov no yog ib qho ntawm ntau lub npe hu txoj kev) los ntawm ib tug irreversible cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog sulfur hlau: Fe + S → FeS.

Molecular luj ntawm ammonium sulfide thiab 68,14. .. E m Nyiaj-mis ntawm lub Hill system yuav sau li: H8N2S. Nyob rau hauv tsos tsa ntsev tsis muaj kob muaju. Ammonium sulfide nyob rau hauv 20 ° C yog nkag soluble nyob rau hauv cov dej. Soluble nyob rau hauv ethanol. Qhov no hygroscopic tshuaj uas muaj peev xwm ntawm absorbing dej. Nyob rau hauv lub dawb lub xeev yog tsis tau ammonium sulfide. Txij li thaum lub (NH4) 2s ntsev yog tsis ruaj tsis khov, ces nws aqueous ntsiab tseem nyob ze thiab hydrogen sulphide li muaj yeej tseem zoo ntawm ib tug sib tov ntawm NH3 thiab NH4HS, thiab aqueous lub ntsiab ntawm (NH4) 2s yog ib tug tsis muaj kob kua nrog ib tug tsw ntawm ammonia thiab hydrogen sulfide. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov tshuaj yog alkaline nrog ib tug pH rau 9.3. Lub muaju ntawm cov khoom ntsev yog tsis yooj yim sua kom paub qhov txawv, txawm nyob rau hauv muaj zog cua txias ntawm cov tshuaj. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm oxidation los ntawm atmospheric oxygen thiab tsim los ntawm polysulfides, ammonium sulfide tshuaj sai puv daj. Yog li ntawd sulfide tshuaj yuav tsum tau muab cia rau hauv ib lub hwj uas mus txog rau lub hau dhos thaiv lawm thiab kaw.

Lub molecular luj yog ammonium hydrosulfide thiab 51,11. .. E m Nyiaj-mis ntawm lub Hill system yuav sau li: H5NS. Ntsev nyob rau hauv zoo li yog ib tug tsis muaj kob rhombic muaju. Cov kev ceev ntawm ntsev sib npaug zos rau 0,89 g / cm3. Melting point 120 ° C (nyob rau hauv siab). Thaum chav tsev kub lub evaporation thiab sublimation ntawm lub reagent vapor. Qhov no compound yog volatile ntawm chav tsev kub. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog nkag soluble nyob rau hauv ethyl cawv thiab dej txias, dej kub los yog rhuab nrog me ntsis tawg. Tshua aqueous alkali. Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua muaj peev xwm ammonium hydrosulfide yog oxidized, li ntawd, nws los ntawm qhov tsis muaj kob tshuaj thaum muab cia sai sai puv daj vim tus tsim ntawm polysulfides. Ammonium hydrosulfide yuav npaj ncaj qha los ntawm reacting ammonia nrog hydrogen sulfide nyob rau hauv diethyl (leej faj) los yog los ntawm xeem dhau huab cua ntawm 0 ° C nyob rau hauv ib tug ammonia tshuaj ntawm dhau heev lawm hydrogen sulfide los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv: NH3 + H2S → NH4HS.