Yuav ua li cas yog tej kev qhia? Philosophical thiab kev nom kev tswv tej lus qhia

Philosophical, kev nom kev tswv, pedagogical qhia - qhov no lub sij hawm yuav nyob rau hauv ntau cov ntsiab lus. Tab sis tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi chaw yuav sawv sab ntawm sab, lub ntsiab qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lwm: "Yuav ua li cas yog cov lus qhia no?" Qhov ntawd yog cov lus teb rau nws, thiab yog qhov kev kawm ntawm no tsab xov xwm.

terminology

Nyob rau hauv lub tswvyim ntawm "qhia" muaj ob peb cov ntsiab lus txhais. Yog hais tias peb xav txog lub sij hawm tsis raws li ib tug txheej txheem ntawm kis tau paub nyob rau hauv tej cheeb tsam xaiv (thiab qhov no txhais yog muaj, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tsis haum), ces muaj yog tseem lub nram qab no piav qhia txog qhov tseeb hais tias xws li ib tug qhuab qhia.

• Qhia raws li ib tug txheej ntawm propositions ntawm cov kev tshawb xav nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntawm kev txawj ntse.
• Qhia raws li ntau cov tswv yim ntawm tib txawj xav nyob rau hauv nws xaiv teb ntawm science.
• Qhia raws li ib tug complex tenets ntawm ib tug kev cai dab qhuas (kev ntseeg).

Ntawm kev txaus siab yog cov thawj ob tug. Lawv feem ntau txuam philosophical thiab kev nom kev tswv tej lus qhia. Xav txog cov lus.

lub philosophy

Tswv yim muaj lawv cov keeb kwm thaum pib ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub science - nyob rau hauv ancient Greece thiab Rome. Ancient Greek philosophers xws li Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, thiab Roman -. Cicero thiab lwm leej lwm tus, hais txog lawv cov kev xav thiab cov kev xav rau hauv daim ntawv, tau followers, kom dim lawv mus hnub no. Yog li tsim thiab tej lus qhia ntawm cov poj minds.

Piv txwv philosophies

Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm ua lub kev loj hlob ntawm philosophy thiab cov kev tshawb fawb rau ib tug lo lus teb rau nws cov tseem ceeb cov lus nug (uas los ua ntej: tus ntsuj plig los yog teeb meem) tseem ceeb rau hauv loj philosophies, uas teeb tsis tau tsuas yog lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug tib neeg sau, tab sis cov lus xaus uas cov nyiaj tau los ntawm cov xav. Materialism thiab idealism, raws li ob tug extremes ntawm cov lus teb mus rau lub ntsiab lus nug, monism, agnosticism, solipsism thiab ib qho txawv Lavxias teb sab chaw Art - txhua yam ntawm lawv yog yus muaj los ntawm nws tus kheej peculiarities, thiab lawv yog txuam nrog ib tug tag nrho daim ntawv teev cov philosophers.

Tab sis lub ancient tej lus qhia, tab sis yog tej zaum muaj ib qho conceptual lus (piv txwv li, lub dialectic), tseem los ntawm cov npe ntawm tus sau phau ntawv - Socrates, Heraclitus, thiab lwm tus neeg. Txawm li cas los, xws yog cov ntaub ntawv twb nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog, thiab nyob rau hauv lub heyday ntawm German philosophical thought. Lub classic lus qhuab qhia ntawm Locke thiab Hobbes, Nietzscheanism, sawv cev ntawm tus poj Fridriha Nitsshe. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia hais tias xws li ib tug lus qhuab qhia uzkonapravlen, tab sis ib txhia ntawm lawv tsim tom qab nws tus tsim (eg, neo-Platonism).

Nyob rau hauv txoj: Antiquity

Philosophy thiab kev nom kev tswv nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm antiquity tau zoo txuas. Muaj ntau ntawm cov philosophers ntawm lub sij hawm tsim lawv zoo tagnrho qauv ntawm lub xeev. Keeb kwm tseem nco ntsoov tej lus qhia ntawm Plato tus sib tham ntawm lub tib lub npe ( "xeev"), nyob rau hauv uas nws tau sau tseg nws yog neeg txhaum daim ntawv no, muab nws tus kheej terminology. Tsis unaware uas lub ntsiab ntawm "kev cai ywj pheej", "timocracy" thiab lwm yam "..kraty" tshwm sim vim hais tias ntawm ancient Greece. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub abstract thiab philosophical mus kom ze ntawm Pythagoras thiab Heraclitus, Plato yog ntau nruj thiab leej. rosary kuj Aristotle, faib rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv rau cov neeg suav hais tias yog "txoj cai" thiab "tsis ncaj ncees lawm." Txawm li cas los, txawm nyob rau hauv xws rationalism, muaj ntau ntau yam kev txwv.

Nyob rau hauv txoj: cov Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab lub Renaissance

Nrab Hnub nyoog tshwm sim raws li ib tug txhob txwm Yehauvas mus kom ze, xws li nyob rau hauv nom ua tswv, thiab mus rau lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim ib lub xeev. Tej kev xav tau imbued nrog tag nrho cov nom tswv tej lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub sij hawm. Tshwj xeeb yog tseem ceeb yog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Fomy Akvinskogo, leej twg, txais cov tswv yim ntawm Aristotle, sim reinterpret lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug Christian yam, thiab xeeb nyob rau hauv no tej chaw.

Nyob rau hauv lub Renaissance nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg Niccolo Machiavelli thiab nws txaus siab nyob rau hauv sau ntawv mus rau lub ces (tab sis yog unofficial) kav Florence, Lorenzo lub kawg li. Nws treatise "Huab tais" muaj heev unambiguous tswv yim hais txog kev nom kev tswv lub hwj chim. Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Machiavelli txo nws hwj txoj saum toj no morality. Interestingly, tus "huab tais" twb dim rau niaj hnub lub sij hawm thiab txawm ua hauj lwm ceev mus rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob version, uas txhais tau tias nws muaj peev xwm nyeem tag nrho cov xav paub dab tsi tej kev qhia ntawm Machiavelli.

Nyob rau hauv xaus

Raws li yuav pom, lub ntsiab txhais ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia raws li ib tug txheej ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm tus sau, los yog ib daim teb ntawm kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv ntau nrog txhua lwm yam, lawv yog zoo sib xyaw thiab thiaj li correlated. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws yog vim hais tias ntawm no yooj yim los mus txiav txim hais tias xws li ib tug qhuab qhia.

Philosophy thiab kev nom kev tswv, tab sis tam sim no nws muag nyob rau hauv ob tug sib txawv cov lus qhia, tsis tau cia li sawv ntawm lub hauv paus pib ntawm ib txhia, vim hais tias nom tswv zaum feem ntau nqis los ntawm cov neeg xav uas tau qhia lawv views, tsis tsuas nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no ntawm kev txawj ntse.