Great mathematicians thiab lawv discoveries

Lej nyob ib txhij nrog cov neeg muaj siab mus tshawb lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv. Keeb nws yog ib feem ntawm philosophy - leej niam ntawm sciences - thiab twb tsis singled tawm raws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib qhov kev qhuab qhia rau par nrog tib astronomy, physics. Txawm li cas los, cov teeb meem no tau hloov lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav nrhiav tau tawm lawv yog leej twg - zoo mathematicians, daim ntawv teev cov uas tau dhia tshaj ib puas. Cais tawm lub ntsiab npe.

pib

Paub sau nyob rau hauv cov neeg xav paub ntxiv thiab xav paub ntxiv, nyob rau hauv lub kawg muaj ib tug faib ntawm Pes tsawg thiab Ntuj Sciences. Tom qab lub official "yug" ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv mus nws tus kheej txoj kev, txoj kev xyaum, ntxiv dag zog rau lub hauv paus ntawm txoj kev tshawb xav, kev txhawb los ntawm kev xyaum. Nws yuav zoo li uas tej kev coj tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv kev kawm txog zauv, feem ntau paub daws teeb ntawm lub sciences? Cov khoom no yog tau piav kiag li tag nrho cov dab noj qhov chaw nyob rau peb ntiaj chaw thiab tshaj, thiab kev paub txog ntawm qhov xwm ntawm tus phenomenon ua rau nws tau kos cov lus xaus thiab ua forecasts. Nws muaj peev xwm yuav xaus lus tias tag nrho cov sciences yog hais txog, qhov no yog feem ntau pom tseeb sib raug zoo ntawm kev kawm txog zauv thiab physics. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, cov poj mathematicians thiab physicists ua li ib pab pawg neeg ntawm kws tshawb fawb. Tus kws txiav txim rau koj tus kheej - yuav ua li cas koj yuav piav qhia txog ib yam dab tsi uas tsis txog ntawm ib tug kuj?

Tib neeg keeb kwm - nws tsis yog tsuas yog lub conquest ntawm tshiab ib cheeb tsam thiab ua tsov ua rog nyob rau hauv uas lub powers uas yuav caum feem ntau lawv tus kheej txaus siab, tab sis kuj cov txom scientific suav tsim los piav, qhia, kawm thiab kom paub lub zeem muag ntawm tag kis. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav saib cov neeg uas tau ua ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau lub creation ntawm no. Lawv yog leej twg, tus poj mathematicians ntawm yav dhau los, uas teb cov leem txoj kev rau niaj hnub discoveries?

Pythagoras

Thaum raug xa mus rau cov poj mathematicians, feem ntau cov neeg mus mloog thawj zaug uas los rau hauv lub npe. Tsis muaj ib tug tseeb yeej paub tias qhov tseeb ntawm nws biography yog qhov tseeb, thiab hais tias - ib tug ntawv tseeb, vim hais tias lub npe lawm mas ib tug loj ntawm legends. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub neej txais yuav los ntawm lub hnub ntau yam ntawm 570 rau 490 BC. e.

Tu siab, daim ntawv sau ua hauj lwm tom qab nws sab laug, tab sis txais hais tias nws yog nrog nws foom koob hmoov ntau discoveries tau ua nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm. Txawm li cas los, peb taw tes tawm tsuas yog cov zoo uas indisputably yog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm nws tej hauj lwm:

• Geometry - tus naas ej theorem, uas hais tias nyob rau hauv ib txoj cai daim duab peb sab hauv lub xwmfab ntawm lub hypotenuse sib npaug rau hauv lub sum ntawm cov plaub fab ntawm lub ob sab. Tsis txhob hnov qab lub rooj ntawm Pythagoras, nyob rau hauv uas elementary tsev kawm ntawv cov tub ntxhais kawm kawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm npaug ntawm tej yam ntuj tso tus xov tooj. Nws kuj coj ib tug qauv rau kev tsim ib co ntawm cov uas.
• Geography - tus poj mathematician Pythagoras thawj speculated tias lub ntiaj teb yog puag ncig.
• Astronomy - lub hypothesis ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm extraterrestrial civilizations.

Euclid

Cov Greek mathematician niaj hnub science tshuav geometry.

Euclid yug nyob rau hauv 365 BC. e. nyob rau hauv Athens thiab rau 65 xyoo (kom txog rau thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb) nyob rau hauv Alexandria. Nws yuav hu ua ib tug revolutionary cov scientific cov nuj nqis ntawm lub sij hawm, raws li nws tau ua ib txoj hauj lwm mus ua ke tag nrho cov sau kev ntawm lub xyoo dhau los nyob rau hauv ib tug tus, zajlus kom system tsis muaj "qhov" thiab contradictions. Qhov no zoo kawg paub txog (a physicist thiab mathematician) tau tsim ib tug treatise "inception", uas muaj ntau tshaj ib tug teb tagnrho! Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tawm ntawm nws ob txhais tes tawm ntawm kev ua hauj lwm, piav txog lub hais tawm ntawm lub teeb beam nyob rau hauv ib tug ncaj kab.

Euclid lub kev tshawb xav yog zoo uas nws raug thawb nws los ntawm cov abstract "yuav ua tau", xam rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm postulates (cov nqe lus uas tsis yuav tsum tau pov thawj), thiab muaj lawv siv ib tug qhuav mathematical logic, geometry, coj ib yaam system uas twb muaj lawm tam sim no.

Fransua Viet

Great mathematicians thiab lawv foundations yog tseem nyob rau qhov yuav ntawm rooj plaub. Nws muaj pov thawj Mr. Wyeth (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1540-1603), uas nyob rau hauv Fabkis thiab tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv lub muaj koob muaj npe lub tsev hais plaub, ua ntej ib tug kws lij choj thiab ces advisor rau tus huab tais. Thaum es tsis txhob ntawm Henry III rov mus rau lub rooj huas tias, Henry IV, François hloov txoj hauj lwm. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm "lub ntiaj teb no txoj kev zoo mathematicians", ib daim ntawv teev cov neeg uas tsis yog me me, ntxiv ib lub npe tshiab vim hais tias ntawm Fabkis ua rog nrog Spain. Cov yav tas, nyob rau hauv nws xov xwm siv sophisticated cipher hais tias nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau decipher. Yog li, lub Fabkis yas yeeb ncuab yuav ua free xov xwm nyob rau hauv cov yeeb ncuab chaw uas zoo heev tsis muaj kev ntshai ntawm raug ntes tau.

Muaj sim tag nrho txoj kev, tus huab tais no thov Vieta. Thaum lub sij hawm lub crescent mathematician nws ua hauj lwm tsis muaj so kom txog rau thaum nws twb tiav rau yam tshwm sim. Tsaug rau no mathematician los ua ib tug tus kheej adviser rau tus tshiab, tab sis tus tshiab huab tais. Parallel rau qhov no, Spain pib raug kev txom nyem yeej tom qab swb, tsis paub hais tias dab tsi yog tshwm sim. Thaum kawg, qhov tseeb surfaced tawm, thiab lub Inquisition nyob rau hauv absentia tau raug txim kom tuag, Francois, tab sis ho tsis ua kom tiav nws.

Nyob rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm tshiab Advisor kuv muaj lub sij hawm mus raus lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv kev kawm txog zauv, muab nws tus kheej ib tug nyiam ua, zoo li tag nrho cov poj cov txiv neej. Hais txog kev ua lej thiab Vieta hais tias nyob rau hauv bewilderment, txog qhov tseeb hais tias nws tswj mus ua ke lub fascination nrog cov kev xyaum ntawm txoj cai lij choj.

Ntawm cov ua tau teev tseg Vieta:

• Tsab ntawv cim nyob rau hauv algebra. Fabkis mathematician hloov lub tsis thiab coefficients ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv, kom txhob muaj cov kev qhia ob peb lub sij hawm. Qhov kev ntsuas no tau ua algebraic expressions ntau yooj yim thiab siv tau mus to taub, nyob rau hauv parallel nrog no yooj yim ntxiv cov lus xaus. Tus mus yog revolutionary, vim hais tias nws thawm txoj kev khiav tom qab. Muaj tseeb tiag, zoo mathematician Pythagoras tshuav nws tus me nyuam nyob rau hauv zoo ob txhais tes. Ideology tag kis kis kiag li.
• Xaus ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm kev daws sib npaug mus txog rau lub plaub degree inclusive.
• Derivation ntawm mis hu ua tom qab nws, nyob rau hauv uas mus hnub no yog cov hauv paus hniav ntawm quadratic equations.
• Derivation thiab ua neeg ncajncees ntawm cov thawj nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm kev kawm ntawm cov infinite khoom.

Leonhard Euler

Lub teeb ntawm science nrog rau ib qho amazing destiny. Yug nyob rau hauv Switzerland (1707), nws yuav xyuam xim muaj nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv teev "Great Lavxias teb sab thom", raws li cov feem ntau fruitful ua hauj lwm thiab nrhiav tau ib lub xeem chaw nkaum nyob rau hauv Russia (1783).

Thaum lub sij hawm nws ua hauj lwm thiab discoveries yog txuas nrog peb lub teb chaws, uas nws tau tsiv nyob rau hauv 1726 nyob rau caw ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg. Rau kaum tsib xyoos, nws sau ib tug ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si lej thiab nyob rau hauv physics. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, nws tau ua nyob ib ncig ntawm 9 puas complex tshawb pom tau enriched qhov kev kawm ntawm lub sij hawm. Los ntawm sunset lub neej Leonarda Eylera, tsis tooj mus rau cov kev cai (tab sis, nrog rau kev pom zoo ntawm cov Fabkis tsoom fwv), lub Paris Academy ntawm Sciences tau los ua nws cuaj neeg, thaum raws li cov kev cai, yuav tsum muaj yim. Tsuas yog lub zoo mathematicians yuav tau muab tsub no yawm, raws li tej kev koom haum pedantic thaum nws los txog rau kev ua raws cai nrog rau cov kev cai.

Cov Leonarda Eylera discoveries yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg:

• Combining lej raws li ib tug science. Kom txog thaum lub XVIII xyoo pua, uas yog xam yuav tsum tau lub sij hawm ntawm lub triumph ntawm lub Euler, tag nrho cov kawm tau tawg khiav ri niab. Algebra, calculus, geometry, muaj tseeb kev tshawb xav, thiab thiaj li nyob. D. Muaj los ntawm lawv tus kheej, tsis muaj cov teeb liab ntsais. Nws sau los ntawm lawv yog proportionate, zajlus kom system uas yog tam sim no yog touted nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv unchanged.
• Xaus tooj e, uas yog kwv yees li sib npaug zos rau 2.7. Raws li koj tau pom, cov poj zaum thiab daim ntawv thom nug feem ntau lub tsis txawj tuag nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm, tsis dhau lub khob no thiab Euler - thawj tsab ntawv ntawm lub xeem lub npe muab lub npe rau qhov no irrational tooj, tsis muaj uas yuav muaj tsis muaj tej yam ntuj tso logarithm.
• Tus thawj formulation ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm kev koom ua ke nrog ib tug hais txog ntawm txoj kev uas yog siv nyob rau hauv nws. Introduction ntawm ob integrals.
• Lub hauv paus thiab lub kis ntawm lub Euler kos duab - ib tug cos thiab pom tau qhov sib los qhia tias cov kev sib raug zoo poob lawm, tsis hais ntawm lawv cov keeb kwm. Piv txwv li, lawv ua tau los qhia hais tias tus infinite txheej ntuj tooj yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub infinite set ntawm rational numbers , thiab hais txog.
• Sau ntawv revolutionary rau lub sij hawm uas ua haujlwm nyob rau txawv calculus.
• Tsis tas li ntawd ntawm elementary geometry, Euclid deduced tsis tau. Piv txwv li, nws coj txog thiab muaj pov thawj tias tag nrho cov qhov siab ntawm daim duab peb sab tshuam ntawm ib tug taw tes.

Galileo Galilei

Qhov no scientific neeg ua hauj lwm uas tau nyob tag nrho nws lub neej nyob rau hauv ltalis (los ntawm 1564 mus 1642), paub txhua txhua schoolchild. Lub sij hawm ntawm txoj kev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug vague sij hawm uas tau cim los ntawm cov Inquisition. Tej dissent twb Nations lawv rau txim, science caum, txij li thaum nws fab assertions ntawm lub theologians. Tsis muaj leej twg thiab tsis muaj dab tsi yuav tau piav, rau tag nrho Vajtswv lub siab nyiam.

Nws mathematician Galileo, raws li cov lus dab neeg, yog cov neeg sau ntawm cov kab lus "Thiab tsis tau nws tawm mus!", Thaum nws renounced nws cov lus hais tias lub ntiaj teb revolves nyob ib ncig ntawm lub hnub thiab tsis vice versa. Qhov no kauj ruam yog vim muaj lub tawm tsam rau lub neej, raws li cov Inquisition xam tau tias yog heresy rau nws hypothesis, nyob rau hauv uas txoj kev sib hloov ntawm cov neeg swapped. Pov thawj yuav tsis lees hais tias lub ntiaj teb raws li ib tug creation ntawm Vajtswv ceased rau qhov chaw ntawm txhua yam.

Txawm li cas los, nws siv zog twb tsis yog tas rau qhov no hypothesis, vim hais tias nws nkag mus rau hauv keeb kwm raws li tus poj physicist thiab mathematician. Galileo:

• los ntawm empirical tshawb fawb tsis lees txais cov assertion ntawm Aristotle, uas hais tias tus nqi ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm ib lub cev yog ncaj qha proportional rau nws hnyav;
• Nws coj lub paradox muaj npe tom qab nws, nyob rau hauv uas lub xov tooj ntawm tej yam ntuj tso tus xov tooj sib npaug zos rau cov xov tooj ntawm plaub fab ntawm lub tib yam, txawm lub fact tias feem ntau ntawm cov plaub fab ntawm tus xov tooj tsis yog;
• Nws sau tau nws "Discourse rau lub dice," uas xam tau tias yog ib tug siv nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntau yam kev tshawb xav, qhov teeb meem nrog lub xaus thiab kev xav.

Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov

Thaum raug xa mus rau cov poj mathematicians ntawm Russia, yog ib tus thawj tawm los rau lub siab yog lub scientific daim duab.

Alexei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov yug nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1903 nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Tambov. Thawj hom kev kawm nws tau txais nyob hauv tsev, thiab ces cuv npe kawm nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv ntiav. Twb muaj tau cim los ntawm nws amazing muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv lub sciences. Rau ntau yam ntawm tshwm sim, nws tsev neeg twb yuam kom tsiv mus nyob rau Moscow, uas lawv nrhiav tau qhov Civil War. Nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm txhua yam, Kolmogorov nkag mus hauv Moscow University nyob rau hauv cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm Lej. hluas kawm tau zoo nyob rau hauv lub xaiv teb yog li ntawd zoo kawg hais tias nws twb tau mus effortlessly coj xeem thaum ntxov, tsis nrhiav los ntawm nws lub ntsiab haujlwm - qhov kev tshawb xav ntawm ntau yam. Nyob rau hauv scientific txhua hnub pib tshwm rau hauv lub tej hauj lwm ntawm Andrei Nikolaevich, txij li thaum 1923, thiab tom qab nws nyob rau hauv hais tias lub sij hawm nyuam qhuav dhau 20 xyoo. Systematically tau raws li qhov xav, ib tug mathematician nyob rau hauv 1939 los ua ib tug academician. Nws ua hauj lwm tag nrho nws lub neej thiab tuag nyob rau hauv Moscow nyob rau hauv lub Autumn ntawm xyoo 1987, nws yog faus nyob rau hauv lub Novodevichy toj ntxas.

Kom nws tseem ceeb tej hauj lwm muaj xws li:

• Improvement ntawm txoj kev qhia lej nyob rau hauv thawj thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv. Great mathematicians thiab lawv discovery ntawm lub ntiaj teb no scale yog ib qho tseem ceeb, tab sis tsis muaj tsawg tseem ceeb thiab tsim nyog ua hauj lwm yog npaj cov tub ntxhais tiam rau yav tom ntej scientific cov thawj coj. Sawv daws yeej paub hais tias cov me nyuam yaus yog pw nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov thaum yau.
• Cov kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm txog lej txoj kev thiab hloov lawv los ntawm lub paub daws teeb rau hauv daim ntawv thov chaw. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, ua tsaug rau tus ua hauj lwm ntawm Andrei Nikolaevich kev kawm txog zauv nrees tsim nyob rau hauv science.
• Xaus txais yuav los ntawm lub thoob ntiaj teb lub zej lub zos kev elementary probability kev tshawb xav axioms. Cov yav tas yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm qhov tseeb uas piav txog ib finite tooj ntawm cov txheej xwm.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky

Qhov no scientific daim duab, zoo li tag nrho cov poj Lavxias teb sab kev kawm txog zauv txij li thaum yau tsom zoo kawg li muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv lub sciences.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky yug nyob rau hauv 1793 nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm lub xeev ntawm Russia. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 7 xyoo nws tsev neeg tsiv mus rau Kazan, qhov uas nws nyob tag nrho nws lub neej. Nws tuag nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm 63 xyoo, los perpetuate nws lub npe mus ib txhis ua hauj lwm uas complemented lub classical Euclidean geometry. Nws qhia ob peb lub refinements rau hauv lub niaj zaus system ntawm qhov tseeb tiag ib tug series ntawm cov nqe lus, piv txwv li, hais tias thaum uas tig mus kab sib ntsib hauv infinity. Nws ua hauj lwm yog txiav txim nyob rau hauv ib tug dav hlau uas yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm speeds ze rau cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb. Nws yuav zoo li, yog dab tsi lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub foundations ntawm uas lub sij hawm? Theories yog muaj teeb meem, outrageous, tab sis lub sij hawm lub zoo zaum thiab daim ntawv thom nug paub hais tias lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Lobachevsky qhib lub qhov rooj mus rau lub neej yav tom ntej.

Augustin-Louis Cauchy

Lub npe ntawm lub kev kawm txog zauv paub rau txhua tus menyuam kawm ntawv, raws li nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg nyob rau hauv lub dav dav chav kawm ntawm kev kawm leb siab, thiab nyob rau hauv nws ntau nqaim chaw, xws li nyob rau hauv lej tsom xam.

Augustin-Louis Cauchy (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1789-1857) yuav pom tau tias cov txiv ntawm zauv tsom xam. Nws yog nws leej twg coj mus mloog tag nrho cov uas nyob thoob plaws nyob rau hauv limbo, uas tsis muaj kev txhais los yog ua neeg ncajncees. Vim hais tias ntawm nws ua hauj lwm nyob ncej xws disciplines li laaj, txwv, derivative thiab ib. Cauchy kuj tsom lub convergence ntawm lub series thiab nws voos kheej-kheej, muab ib tug zauv ua neeg ncajncees ntawm lub dispersion nyob rau hauv optics.

Cauchy tshab nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov niaj hnub kawm txog zauv teev yog li ntawd tias nws lub npe tau noj txaus siab ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau cov thawj pem teb ntawm lub Eiffel Tower - nws yog muaj nyob rau hauv sib lawv liag, yog tus zaum (xws li zoo mathematicians). Qhov no daim ntawv teev ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib tug monument rau science, thiab hnub no.

tshwm sim

Rau centuries lej attracted zaum lawv li ib txwm, uas kuj ceeb tias yuav piav qhia txog txhua yam uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm peb.

Pythagoras sib cav hais tias lub hauv paus ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm cov lus dag. Yuav luag txhua yam uas tshwm sim rau ib tug neeg thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg, nws yuav piav tau.

Galileo hais tias kev kawm txog zauv - cov lus ntawm qhov. Xav txog nws. Tus nqi uas muaj ib co xwm, qhia txog txhua yam.

Lub npe ntawm tus poj mathematicians - yog tsis yog ib daim ntawv teev cov neeg uas yog addicted rau lawv ua hauj lwm, expanding thiab deepening scientific hauv paus. Cov no yog cov mus hais tias yog muaj peev xwm txuas rau tam sim no thiab yav tom ntej, kom qhia noob neej lub zeem muag.

Txawm li cas los, qhov no yog ib tug muab ob npaug rau edged rab ntaj, vim hais tias cov abundance ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muab ntau zog rau lub hwj.

Kev Paub - no yog lub hwj chim. Tsis xav tsim txom tau rhuav tshem li cas twb tau kawm li kom huv si thiab sau lub crumbs. Khiav ntawm no yog tseem ceeb heev, science yuav tsum mus rau qhov zoo.

Great tib neeg tham txog kev ua lej nrog infinite sib hwm, raws li yog lub passport mus rau lub neej yav tom ntej.