Subject thiab Informatics paub tab. Basic ntsiab ntawm computer science. Informatics Objectives

Qhov tsab xov xwm yog mob siab rau kev saib xyuas ntawm tej teeb meem xws li kev kawm thiab Informatics paub tab. Ua ntej mus rau lawv cov kev pab, txhais tau lub sij hawm, cov nqi ntawm uas yuav tsum tau kom meej meej qhia tau.

Lo lus "science" xub tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Fabkis nyob rau hauv lub 60s ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo rau xa mus rau lub cheeb tsam, uas yog koom nyob rau hauv lub automated ua ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, thiab siv cov hluav taws xob computers. Qhov no lub sij hawm twb tsim los ntawm cov merger ntawm ob lwm leej lwm tus - "Tsis Siv Neeg" thiab "cov ntaub ntawv". Nws txhais tau tias lub automated ua ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los yog ib tug ntaub ntawv automation. Qhov no lub sij hawm sau raws nkaus Ii rau lub sij hawm "computer science" nyob rau hauv cov lus Askiv hais lus teb chaws, nws yog qhov kev kawm ntawm computer technology.

Tus nyeem ntawv yog pom zoo kom ua ntej qhov kev xam ntawm cov teeb meem raws li qhov kev kawm thiab cov hom phiaj ntawm kev kawm, kev kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm nws tshwm sim.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub rov tshwm sim ntawm Informatics

Peb yuav nrhiav tau lub hauv paus pib ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog tseem nyob rau hauv lub pa cua ntawm lub sij hawm. Qhov yuav tsum tau qhia thiab nco ntsoov nws coj ntau centuries dhau los mus rau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm kev hais lus, account, sau ntawv. Peb pog koob yawg koob sim mus txua thiab ntxiv txhim kho txoj kev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cia, ua thiab tis. Ntau yam pov thawj ntawm cov me nyuam no mus cawm cov neeg ntawm lub nyob deb yav tas los nws tau pom rau hnub no. Qhov no txoj kev xws li av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj teev thiab birch ntoo, pob zeb kos duab, thiab ces tus thawj.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th muaj lub tshuab luam ntawv xovxwm. Nws invention pab mus rau ib tug tseem ceeb nce nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm mus khaws thiab ua qhov tsim nyog ntxiv. Cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv luam daim ntawv no, yog lub ntsiab txoj kev sib koom thiab cia, thiab mus txog rau lub nruab nrab-xyoo pua 20th, txuas ntxiv mus lawv nyob. Tsuas yog nrog cov emergence ntawm lub computer fundamentally tshiab, ntau npaum li cas txoj kev ntawm nws cia, sau, hloov, ua, tau raug formulated thiab cov kev kawm ntawm computer paub tab.

Cov kev txhais ntawm computer

Koj muaj peev xwm muab nws ib tug ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus txhais. Qhov no yog vim nws xam qhovkev versatility ntawm txoj kev, cov ntaub ntawv, cov nta thiab zog. Cov nram qab no cov lus txhais ntawm "science" ntawm lub tswvyim yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau.

Xam yog ib thaj chaw ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no uas yog txuam nrog rau sib txawv dab hloov dua siab tshiab ntxiv, siv los ntawm txhais tau tias ntawm computers, raws li zoo raws li lawv kev sis raug zoo nrog cov coj daim ntawv thov ib puag ncig.

Cybernetics thiab Informatics

Feem ntau muaj yog tsis meej pem ntawm ob lub tswv yim: "cybernetics" thiab "Informatics". Wb txhais li cas lawv zoo sib xws thiab yuav ua li cas lawv txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam.

Cybernetics - qhov kev kawm ntawm ib co ntawm cov dav dav ntawm kev tswj, kuj nyob rau hauv ntau yam systems: kev, lom, technical, thiab lwm yam Subject thiab Informatics paub tab yog sib txawv dog dig .. Nws examines nrug txheej txheem ntawm creation thiab pom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, yuav luag tsis muaj rau cov tshuaj txog cov teeb meem muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev tswj ntawm cov neeg los yog lwm yam khoom, ua cas cybernetics. Nws tsos tau ua tau vim txoj kev loj hlob ntawm computer technology, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv nws, thiab unthinkable yam uas tsis tau nws. Cybernetics txoj kev loj hlob tshwm sim los ntawm nws tus kheej thiab, txawm hais tias nws siv nquag tau ntawm computer technology, nws tsis yog nyob rau lawv, raws li yog lub tsev ntau cov chaw tswj qauv.

Khoos phib tawj science nyob rau hauv lub sab thiab nqaim siab ntawm lo lus

Nyob rau hauv lub broadest siab ntawm lo lus science - yog txoj kev sib sau ntawm cov ntau yam ceg ntawm science, raug thiab technology, uas yog txuam nrog rau cov lus qhia ua. Thiab yog dab tsi nyob rau hauv lub vos kev txiav txim zoo? Nws yog ua tau rau faib peb interconnected qhov chaw Informatics.

1. xam raws li ib tug sector ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag

Cov Thawj zaug ntawm lawv - lub sector ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim, lub computer muaj ib tug plurality ntawm homogeneous tuam txab muab ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm ua lag ua luam uas tsim software, computer hardware thiab cov kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ua technologies. Tus nqi, tseem, cov hom phiaj thiab kev pab raws qib ntawm Informatics nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim yog txhais los ntawm lub fact tias nws yog nyob ntawm nws mus rau ib tug loj raws li tsim tau txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv ntau yam sectors ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov hauj lwm nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no niaj hnub no, nruab nrog automation.

2. Informatics li siv science

Raws li computer science npaj siv vib this los ntawm ntaub ntawv tej khoom muab ntau yam kev tswj cov txheej txheem raws li nyob rau hauv computer ntaub ntawv systems. Koj muaj peev xwm xaiv uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe raws li nram no loj kev tshawb fawb no: kev kho mob thiab nyiaj txiag Informatics, computer kev manufacturing, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm network qauv, tej Informatics ib puag ncig thiab kev ruaj ntseg, kev ntaub ntawv systems.

Peb piav qhia txog lub ntsiab aims thiab cov hom phiaj ntawm lub computer science siv. Nws lub hom phiaj yog los muab ib tug kev paub los ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv systems, raws li zoo raws li paub lawv lub lag luam thiab kev tsim kho ntawm lub dav cai. Nws ua hauj lwm raws li nram no:

- xyuas ntau yam theories ntawm cov ntaub ntawv systems thiab yees;

- los tsim ib tug vib this los ntawm yuav ua li cas los tsim ntaub ntawv them nyiaj yug ntawm ntau yam computer systems.

3. Applied nam

Piav txog cov kev kawm ntawm computer science li ib tug applied science, peb nco ntsoov tias nws yog koom nyob rau hauv:

- txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv ua qauv ntawm kev sib txuas lus, ua tau hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev ua pej xeem;

- txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov kev cai uas muaj nyob rau hauv ntaub ntawv muaj dab (tis, ua, cia);

- txoj kev loj hlob ntawm technologies thiab cov ntaub ntawv systems nyob rau hauv tej cheeb tsam, raws li zoo raws li tswv yim hais txog mus rau lub neej voj voog rau lub ntau yam theem (tsim, ntau lawm, cov lag luam, thiab lwm yam).

Lub ntsiab hom phiaj ntawm Informatics

Cov yooj yim muaj nuj nqi ntawm nws yog los tsim cov cuab yeej thiab cov hau kev rau cov ntaub ntawv hloov dua siab tshiab, raws li tau zoo raws li rau siv nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm txawv kev ntawm nws kev.

Cov nram qab no lub ntsiab hom phiaj ntawm lub computer science:

- txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov ntaub ntawv dab, muaj tej xwm;

- nyob rau cov engineering thiab scientific teeb meem ntawm kev siv, tsim, kom ntseeg tau qhov zoo tshaj siv ntawm computer technology thiab cov khoom siv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm pej xeem lub neej;

- txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv technology, raws li zoo raws li creation ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb los ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv kev ntawm niaj hnub tau cov lus technology.

Xam raws li ib tug complex kev qhuab qhia

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias nws tsis muaj nyob ntawm nws tus kheej. Xam - yog ib tug kev qhuab qhia (Science thiab Technology), uas yog tswj cov creation ntawm cov lus tshiab qhia technologies thiab hom kev kawm. Lawv yog siv rau cov kev daws teeb meem nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv haiv neeg yog ib tug complex ntawm nws cov kev lag luam coj. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no muaj yog ib tug qauv ntawm ua paub txog. Nws nyob lom zem ntau rau qhov kev kawm ntawm no xyov teb ntawm kev txawj ntse, nws cov kev sib sau raws li ib tug science, kev lag luam thiab technology.

daim ntaub ntawv Informatics

Cov ntaub ntawv siv tshuab yog tam sim no dav siv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm peb lub neej: nyob rau hauv science, ua lag ua luam, kev kawm ntawv thiab muaj ntau yam lwm qhov chaw. Qhov yuav tsum tau rau kim thiab nyuab thwmsim inevitably tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov kev loj hlob ntawm niaj hnub science. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm fusion reactors. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Informatics yog los hloov tiag tiag tshuab thwmsim. Qhov no tej yam loj cov kev pab, muab lub peev xwm los daws cov feem ntau niaj hnub hom kev kawm ntawm cov kev tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, zoo ib yam li thwmsim tau tsawg npaum li cas lub sij hawm tshaj tiag tiag. Thiab nyob rau hauv tej cheeb tsam ntawm scientific kev txawj ntse (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv astrophysics) nws tsuas yog tsis tau mus ua ib tug tiag tiag xyaum ua tej yam. Ces tuaj mus rau kev pab ntawm lub computer science. Mas nyob rau hauv cov chaw, tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb nqa tawm nrog kev pab los ntawm modeling thiab xam thwmsim.

Ntxiv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub computer science, raws li zoo raws li lwm yam science ua rau tshiab discoveries thiab achievements. Muaj cov ntawv tshiab uas yav tas los yog nyuaj rau txawm xav txog tej yam.

Kev sib txuas lus Informatics nrog rau lwm cov ceg ntawm kev txawj ntse

Khoos phib tawj science - sab cheeb tsam ntawm scientific kev txawj ntse, uas sawv ntawm cov kev tshuam ntawm applied thiab siv sciences. Raws li ib tug complex scientific kev qhuab qhia yog hais txog rau cov nram no ceg ntawm kev txawj ntse:

- psychology thiab philosophy (los ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab cov lus qhia txog cov kev qhia);

- kev kawm txog zauv (los ntawm discrete lej, cov kev tshawb xav ntawm zauv modeling thiab algorithms, mathematical logic);

- nws yog hais txog kev kawm yam lus los ntawm cov kev qhia ntawm kos npe rau systems thiab formal lus;

- cybernetics, raws li peb twb sau tseg - los ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tswj thiab ntaub ntawv;

- ib tug xov tooj cua engineering, electronics, Science News for KIDS thiab physics - los ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv systems thiab lub computer.

Nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm science Informatics poob computational science uas kawm txoj kev thiab tej ntsiab cai ntawm lub koom haum ntawm ntau yam xam muaj dab, ntiaj teb no thiab cheeb tsam computer tes hauj lwm. Nyob rau lwm cov tes, nws kuj muaj peev xwm science, uas yog tsim los rau cov kawm txog cov tib neeg xav siv zog los txhim kho lub kev txawj ntse zoo ntawm computers.

Xam raws li ib tug sector ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag

Raws li cov ceg ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag Informatics yog ib tug sau ntawm ua lag ua luam chaw, uas yog npaj rau cov kev pab cov neeg siv (ntaub ntawv), lub ntau lawm ua chaw, raws li zoo raws li cov kev loj hlob ntawm software. Muaj yog ib tug qauv ntawm kev hloov los ntawm ib tug muaj haiv neeg, qhov chaw uas txhua yam yog tswj cov ntau lawm thiab kev noj ntawm cov khoom, rau cov ntaub ntawv.

Niaj hnub no, ib tug ntau yam ntawm txoj kev computer science yog lug siv nyob rau hauv kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv kev xyaum:

- coj mus muag, muaj thiab banking tswj;

- tshawb kev ua ub no thiab accounting;

- lub budgetary txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lub zog thiab lub xeev cov tsev kawm;

- e-ua lag ua luam thiab e-commerce;

- Txhab nyiaj tswj, auctions thiab lag luam sib pauv.

Economic Informatics - cov kev kawm, uas yog npaj mus ua ib lub hom phiaj ntawm modeling cov kev ua ntawm ntau yam nyiaj txiag chaw, kiag, lub xeev thiab lub regional chaw. Nws hom phiaj yog txiav txim los ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Hais tias yog, lawv yog cov yuav muab ua lag ua luam chaw, kiag thiab pej xeem cov kev pab cuam, thiab cov lus qhia technology cov koom haum. Yuav ua li cas yog hais txog txoj kev nyiaj txiag Informatics? Nws yog los nrhiav regularities uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ua qauv, raws li tau zoo raws li txoj kev ntawm kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv cov nyiaj txiag kev ua si ntawm lub koom haum (qhauj) Economy thiab lwm yam chaw, raws li cov tswj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv technology.

modeling hom kev kawm thiab cov kev kawm txog economic dab

Muaj ntau ntau txoj kev modeling thiab kawm txog economic dab. Lawv yog cov ob meej thiab general science. Kev khiav dej num: synthesis, tsom xam, induction, txiav, abstraction, analogy, specification. Lawv tag nrho cov qhia cov qauv uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev ruaj khov phenomena los yog dab. Cov kev yog teem rau cov lus qhia xav economic dab txheej xwm xws li:

- lej: deterministic, stochastic, simulation, optimization, thiab network modeling, fuzzy kev kawm txog zauv, lej, systematic, factorial, regression thiab lwm yam analyses;

- ntaub ntawv-muaj kuab kab kos thiab kos duab, graphs, nrig txog kev pom thiab kev txhais tau tias ntawm sawv cev rau cov lus qhia tsev thiab ua lag ua luam dab.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug computer?

Basic ntsiab ntawm computer xws li ntau yam computers, txij thaum lawv yog cov loj kev txhais tau tias pab rau nws tuav. Lawv yuav tsum tau txwv kom muab zais raws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov tsos mob: los ntawm lub sij hawm, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txiav txim, loj, me, ua lub hwj chim, lub koom haum ntawm lub computational txheej txheem, functionality, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Classification los ntawm lub hom phiaj computers

Koj muaj peev xwm faib lub computer rau lwm cov laj nyob rau hauv cov nram no rau 3 pawg neeg.

1. General-lub hom phiaj (universal). Lawv yog tsim los daws tau ntau yam kev teeb meem: kev kawm txog lej, nyiaj txiag, xov xwm thiab lwm yam, uas yog distinguished los ntawm ib tug loj ntim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau ua, raws li zoo raws li lub complexity ntawm lub algorithms. Yam ntxwv nta ntawm cov computers yog lawv cov qib high efficiency, raws li zoo raws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau ua (tus cwj pwm, decimal, binary), ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev siv computer (tshwj xeeb, muaj kuab, xam), ib tug loj muaj peev xwm nco, kuj tsim input-output system ntaub ntawv .

2. Qhov thib ob pab pawg neeg - qhov teeb meem-taw qhia kom paub. Lawv lub hom phiaj yog yuav kom daws ib tug ntau nqaim ntau ntawm cov teeb meem uas feem ntau yog txuam nrog kev siv technology tshiab khoom, txuam, ntawv sau npe thiab kev ua ntawm me me ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.

3. Tshwj Xeeb ntsiab yog siv rau ib tug heev nqaim ntau yam ntawm daim ntawv sau npe. Qhov no thiaj li tus nqi thiab complexity ntawm xws li ib tug computer, thaum tswj kev ntseeg tau thiab kev kawm zoo.

ntaub ntawv technology

Piav txog lub tswv yim ntawm computer science, nws yog tsim nyog los hais ob peb lo lus txog cov ntaub ntawv technology. Nws yog ib tug ua ke ntawm cov kev software thiab kho vajtse uas yog siv los ua ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev ua hauj lwm muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev ua ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov chaw ntawm peb lub neej. Cov ntaub ntawv siv tshuab yog tej zaum hu ua Applied Informatics thiab computer technology. Cov tswvyim ntawm tus uas tsim los ntawm ib tug ntaub ntawv haiv neeg nyob rau hauv uas lub hauv paus ntawm kev puab yog cov lus qhia, es cov tsoos ntaub ntawv kev pab. Nws yog ib tug science, kev txawj ntse, kev txawj ntse muaj peev xwm, muaj quas yam, muaj tswv yim, teg num, thiab lwm tus neeg. Cov tswvyim no, hmoov tsis, yog li ntawd inclusive thiab uas kws txawj tseem tsis tau tuaj mus rau ib tug ntshiab formulation ntawm nws. Cov vam meej tshaj plaws txhais ntawm nws tau muab los ntawm Academician Glushkov, txhais ntaub ntawv technology raws li ib tug tib neeg-tshuab technology hloov lwm lub tsev, ua, sau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, raws li nyob rau kev siv ntawm ntau yam computer cov khoom. Nws tau tsim sai heev thiab npog dua kev ua ub no: kev tswj, ntau lawm, kev kawm ntawv, science, tshuaj, nyiaj txiag thiab ntsuam xyuas nyiaj, lub neej thiab lwm tus neeg.

Lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Informatics Chav Kawm

Lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv kev kawm "Cov ntaub ntawv" yog muab ib tug ruaj thiab meej pem mastering menyuam kawm ntawv paub txog hloov dua siab tshiab dab tau, siv, cia ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau qhov no hauv paus, ib tug science xib fwb yuav tsum tau qhia nws cov luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lub scientific daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov hnub, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm computer technology thiab cov ntaub ntawv technology nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej niaj hnub. Cov kev sib tw dag nyob rau hauv yuav ua li cas muab cov menyuam kawm ntawv cov txuj ci ntawm muaj kuab thiab meej pem ntawm computers nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv thiab ntxiv kev ua si.

Cov nram qab no tej teeb meem yuav tsum highlight cov menyuam kawm ntawv kev kawm xib fwb:

- ntaub ntawv, ntau yam kev ntaub ntawv dab, raws li tau zoo raws li cov lus ntawm nws kev mloog lus;

- ntaub ntawv modeling;

- programming thiab algorithmization;

- lub computer raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ua;

- uas twb muaj lawm hnub no nws cov tshiab cov lus technology.

Cov kab muaj ib tug ntoo khaub lig-tej xwm, piv txwv li, cov kev kawm txog lawv tshwm sim rau txhua theem (los ntawm 2nd rau qib 11). Muab faib ua peb theem ntawm cov computer science nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Cov theem coj mus rau hauv tus account lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li lawv cov kev npaj.

Thawj theem - thawj zaug (ntawm 2 mus rau 6 chav kawm ntawv), lub thib ob - yog lub hauv paus (7 mus rau qib 9), peb - cov profile (10 thiab 11 cov chav kawm ntawv). Qhov kev pab cuam rau cov qib 2 txog 9 - yog yuav tsum tau yam tsawg kawg nkaus. Nyob rau hauv high school, nqa tawm nyob rau hauv-tob kev cob qhia rau computer science nyob rau hauv ntau yam profiles. Nws muab kev cob qhia rau kev ua hauj lwm. Tham txog nyob rau hauv ntau yam twb ua tiav threads kawm ntau yam cov chav kawm ntawm cov kev pab cuam.

Informatics: ntsuam xyuas

Nyob rau qhov no raug EGE - ib qho ntawm qhov ntev xeem, uas kav txog 4 teev. Nyob rau hauv 2014, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus qhab nia hla dhau yog 40. Txoj kev kawm yuav tsum tau pib ntev ua ntej cov hnub ntawm lub xeem, thiab tau zoo nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav tsum muab.

Hom Phaj Informatics muab faib mus rau hauv blocks nyob ntawm lawv lub complexity. A1-A13 - qhov yooj yim theem cov lus nug nrog ib tug xaiv ntawm ntau yam lus teb. Rau txhua qhov yog ntawm 1 point yog lam xav. Engagements B1-B15 computer - qhov no yog qhov muaj zog complexity ntawm qhov teeb meem. Tus xov tooj los yog qhov kawg xaus-npawb tsab yog cov lus teb mus rau lawv. Cov feem ntau nyuaj paub tab nyob rau hauv lub computer science - C1-C4. Nws yog tsim nyog los muab lub teb ntau lo lus teb rau lawv.

Nyob rau hauv txhua embodiment ntawm cov tub ntxhais cov hom phiaj rau computer science yog hais txog ib txoj kev los sis lwm nrog lub computer. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv kev daws paub tab ntawm ib qeb C yog txwv tsis pub siv cov tswvyim thiab PC.