Yuav ua li cas yog lub xeev thiab dab tsi hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm tsim ntawm lub xeev?

Tam sim no, ob peb heev neeg muaj peev xwm hais tias qhov no xeev txij thaum lub hwv division ntawm lub teb chaws yog nqa tawm txawv. Qhov no tshwm sim yog hais txog lub sij hawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman, lub USSR thiab RSFSR.

Moo xam tau tias yog lub siab tshaj plaws units ntawm kev tswj thiab hwv division ntawm lub xeev. Lawv tau muab los ntawm 1708 mus rau 1929 raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm cov absolutist lub xeev. Cov hwv rau lwm cov taws los governors.

txhais lus ntawm cov sij hawm

Yuav kom teb tau cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi ib tug xeev, peb tig mus rau lub etymology ntawm lo lus. Lub sij hawm "xeev" yog muab tau los ntawm Latin lo lus "GuBeRnAtoR", uas txhais tau tias "tus pas ntsuas." Nees nkaum-cuaj lub hlis ntuj nqeg 1708 los ntawm Peter lub Great muab ib tug decree ntawm lub division ntawm lub xeev mus rau hauv tshiab administrative units - moo. Kom txog rau thaum lub xyoo no, lub Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws muaj 166 lub nroog. Yog li, moo 8 twb tsim.

Peb twb piav saum toj no, dab tsi lo lus "xeev". Tom ntej no, peb xav txog lo lus nug ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm lub rov tshwm sim ntawm tshiab hwv-kev tswj chav nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Tus thawj kho ntawm Peter

Tsim moo coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv raws li txoj cai ntawm huab tais. Cov thawj zaug line-up yog raws li nram no:

1. Moscow xeev: ib ncig ntawm lub Moscow cheeb tsam hnub no, ntau qhov chaw ntawm Tula, Vladimir, Kaluga, Kostroma, Ivanovo thiab Ryazan cheeb tsam.
2. Ingrian xeev (ob xyoos tom qab renamed St. Petersburg). Nws muaj cov niaj hnub Leningrad, Novgorod, Tver, Pskov, Arkhangelsk sab qab teb, sab hnub poob ntawm lub Vologda, Yaroslavl cheeb tsam thiab Karelia.
3. Archangelgorod Governorate, uas muaj Arkhangelsk, Murom, Vologda cheeb tsam, ib feem ntawm Kostroma, Karelia thiab Komi.
4. Raws li ib feem ntawm lub xeev ntawm Kiev - Me Russia, khoom Belgorod thiab Sevsk, ib feem ntawm Orel, Belgorod, Bryansk, Tula, Kaluga, Kursk cheeb tsam.
5. Smolensk xeev muaj Smolensk tam sim no cheeb tsam, ib feem Bryansk, Tverskoj, Kaluga thiab Tula cheeb tsam.
6. Kazan xeev - lub Volga thiab Bashkortostan, lub Volga-Vyatka, ib feem ntawm Tambov, Penza, Perm, Ivanovo thiab Kostroma cheeb tsam, lub sab qaum teb yog ib feem ntawm Dagestan thiab Kalmykia.
7. Azovskaya muaj lub feem ntawm Tula, Orlovskaya, Ryazan, Kursk, Belgorod, tag nrho cov Voronezh, Rostov, Tambov, ib feem Kharkov, Lugano, Donetsk thiab Penza cheeb tsam.
8. Raws li ib feem ntawm cov Siberian xeev - Siberia, feem ntau ntawm cov Urals, Kirov cheeb tsam thiab ib feem ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Komi.

Yuav ua li cas yog nthuav, los ntawm tus kawg ntawm 1719 yog lub kaum ib moo. Qhov no tshwm sim vim lub fact tias muaj tau cim Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan thiab Riga xeev. Ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub hwv tsev yog tus tswv xeev-general, thiab txhua feem ntawm lub xeev taws Landrat.

Qhov thib ob administrative division ntawm lub xeev (thib ob kho kom zoo Petra Velikogo)

Qhov thib ob kho kom zoo coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 1719, 29 May. Nyob rau hauv nws cov hoob kawm rau hauv lub xeev twb muab faib ua moo taws los ntawm warlord thiab lub xeev, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib mus rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv nrog rau cov commanders ntawm lub teb chaws tsoom fwv. Yog li, nws tsim nyob rau 47 lub xeev uas ua tau lub 9 xeev, nrog rau cov kev zam ntawm Reval (tam sim no Tallinn) thiab Astrakhan (lawv tsis muab faib mus rau hauv qhov chaw). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm piav qhia txog nyob rau hauv kom meej li cas xeev, thiab yog dab tsi powers nws yog tej txiaj ntsim.

Qhov thib peb kev tswj kho dua tshiab

Yuav ua li cas tau rau hauv lub xeev ntawm ib tug tom qab hnub tim? Thaum lub sij hawm peb cov thawj coj kho kom zoo muab tshem tawm cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov cheeb nroog nkag mus hauv dua. Cov tshwm sim yog 250 lub nroog ntawm 14 lub xeev. Tsim Belgorod thiab Novgorod xeev, cheeb nroog pib ua lub tsev kawm ntawv cov thawj coj ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg.

Tseem, lub zos nom tswv cajceg tiv kev txom nyem nyob rau hauv muaj koob muaj npe lub hwj chim, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav xav tias zoo li masters ntawm lub teb chaws. Tus thawj tswj lub tsev yog ruaj khov rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, thiab yog hais tias tus tshiab unit tshwm sim, ces vim yog lub tshaaj ntawm ib ncig. Qhov kawg ntawm lub kaum hli ntuj 1775 raws li ib feem ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab xeev yog 23 lub xeev, 62 lub xeev, 276 lub nroog.

Catherine lub Great Reform

Cov cai ntawm Catherine ntawm 7 Kaum ib hlis 1775 hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los ua kev cai tus thawj tswj koog tsev ntawm lub xeev. Tsim xeev nres, thiab lawv tus xov tooj tau poob, lub xeev tshem tawm thiab hloov tus cai hais txog txoj kev ntawv. Cov kab hauv qab yog hais tias lub county yuav tsum 20-30 txhiab tus neeg, thiab nyob rau hauv lub xeev -. Hais txog 300-400 txhiab.

Nws tseem yog lub aim ntawm qhov kev kho kom zoo yog kom ntxiv dag zog lub hwj chim tom qab invasion ntawm Emelyana Pugacheva. Governors thiab governors xa mus rau tus prosecutor tus saib xyuas, taws los ntawm cov kws lij choj-General thiab lub Senate.

Los ntawm kawg ntawm Catherine II kav raws li ib feem ntawm Russia muab tau 48 governorships, 2 lub xeev, 1 cheeb tsam thiab Chaw Nyob Don Cossacks. Lub Governor-General taw los ntawm lub Empress, cov cheeb nroog raug tswj hwm los ntawm captains-tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm. Kom txog rau thaum 1796 lub creation ntawm tshiab governorships yog vim accession los ntawm ib cheeb tsam.

tsis ib lo lus nug sawv ntawm cov pej xeem hais tias xws li xeev, thiab rau cov uas nws tau tsim. Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm tshiab administrative units tseem zoo unnoticed.

Paul kho kom zoo kuv thiab Alexander kuv

Kev kawm ntawv lub xeev thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Paul Kuv tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm hloov lub npe ntawm cov thawj coj units. Cov kho kom zoo nyob rau hauv 1776, muaj ib tug kev koom ua ke: governorship officially los ua lub xeev, lub cheeb tsam, nyob qhov twg muaj ib tug yuav ua rau muaj insurrection los yog txawv teb chaws nres, tseem nyob rau hauv lub hauv av governors-general.

Tsav Control xeev thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Alexander kuv tsis hloov, tiam sis nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1801 mus 1802 xyoo, abolished lub chaw uas zoo heev rov qab los.

Xav txog dab tsi yog lub xeev thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg rau hauv lub division ntawm hwv units rau hauv 2 pab pawg: nyob rau hauv cov European ib feem ntawm Russia yog obschegubernskaya lub koom haum (muaj - 51 xeev), nyob rau outskirts ntawm monitored system Generalgouvernement (tsuas yog 3 lub xeev). Nyob rau hauv ib co chaw - Kuban, Ural, Transbaikal, Don pab tub rog, Terek - governors ob leeg ataman Cossack pab tub rog. Nyob rau hauv 1816 muaj 12 governorships, nrog ib feem ntawm 3-5 moo.

Los ntawm lub xeev mus rau lub cheeb tsam

By kawg ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua nws ua 20 qhov chaw - administrative units yog zoo li lub moo. Lo lus "cheeb tsam" nyob rau hauv sib piv rau txawv teb chaws "xeev" yeej muaj tseeb qub Slavic thiab txhais tau tias "muaj" (cov tswv cuab).

Cheeb Tsam nyob rau hauv tej thaj chaw bordering lwm lub teb chaws, lawv tsis tau lawv Duma thiab tau adversely cuam tshuam los ntawm lwm yam kev cai tswj rau cov tub rog governors thiab yog ib feem ntawm tsoom fwv-General. Nws simplifies lub apparatus ntawm tsoom fwv hauv zos thiab muaj zog mloog lus tus kheej mus rau lub xeev.

Tus thawj Governor-dav nyob rau hauv Russia - AD Menshikov - txoj kev theej txhoj rau chaw ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv 1703

Administrative neeg ua hauj lwm raws li ntawm xyoo 1914

Kom txog thaum lub ntxov thib nees nkaum xyoo pua nyob rau hauv lub ntsig txog lub xeev tsoom fwv hauv zos tsev tau muaj nws cov nyhuv. Los ntawm 1907 mus 1910, thaum lub sij hawm Stolypin kho, nws tsim lub Council ntawm lub tebchaws United nom tswv cajceg.

Lub interim tsoom fwv tau khaws cia rau hauv lub ntsig txog lub xeev division, lawv twb mus ua lub ntsig txog lub xeev ces, thiab cov cheeb nroog - county. Parallel rau qhov no, tus system ntawm soviets tsim nyob rau hauv tawm tsam Daim Ntawv tsoom fwv.

Lub Soviet lub sij hawm

Thawj zaug lub xeev division tseem tej lub sij hawm tom qab lub kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj 1917, tab sis twb tsim Provincial Executive Committee. Qhov no executive committee yog xaiv rau lub xeev congress ntawm soviets.

Los ntawm kawg ntawm 1918 raws li ib feem ntawm lub xeev muaj 78 lub xeev, thiab nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm kom txog rau thaum 1920. 25 ntawm lawv tau tuaj koom Finland, Poland thiab lub Baltic States. Los ntawm 1920 mus txog rau thaum 1923. thoob plaws ib ncig ntawm lub RSFSR muaj tshiab autonomous units - tsim ib tug tshiab xeev txhua txhua xyoo.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg tsis tu ncua hloov, tab sis vim cov kho kom zoo nyob rau hauv 1929, lub xeev thaum kawg zoo, muaj cov cheeb tsam thiab ib cheeb tsam, thiab lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, muaj lub koog tsev kawm ntawv, county, lub zos sab laj, hais tias peb coj hnub no.

Nyob rau hauv xaus

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb tau sau tseg li cas xeev nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Russia. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, peb rov los xyuas dua rau qhov tseem ceeb cov ntsiab lus thiab cov keeb kwm ntawm lub rov tshwm sim ntawm txawv administrative-hwv units.