Yuav ua li cas yog av nplaum phau ntawv? Qhov twg yog tus naas ej tsev qiv ntawv ntawm cov av nplaum phau ntawv?

Tsis muaj zem lawv hais tias qhov loj tshaj tus nqi rau cov hnub cov ntaub ntawv yog. Nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv, cov neeg muaj peev xwm ua txhua yam uas lawv xav tau. Peb paub txog nws thiab peb pog koob yawg koob. Pib txhiab xyoo dhau los av nplaum phau ntawv ua pov thawj tias lawv tau sim kho lawv tag nrho cov ntau dua los yog tsawg tseem ceeb.

Los ntawm txoj kev, yog dab tsi yog ib tug av nplaum ntawm phau ntawv no? Yog hais tias koj tsis paub cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no, peb xav kom koj nyeem no tsab xov xwm. Nyob rau hauv nws koj yuav nrhiav tau cov lus teb rau tag nrho lawv tej lus nug los ntawm lub teb.

keeb kwm ntaub ntawv

Rau hnub tim, zaum ntseeg tias lub feem ntau ancient tib neeg kev vam meej, uas mus txog rau ib tug tag nrho-lub sij hawm rau nws heyday, yog Mesopotamia. Nws originated txog xya txhiab xyoo ua ntej Yexus yug nyob rau hauv ib tug remarkably ntse xaiv qhov chaw, nyob rau hauv lub hav ntawm lub txuas ntawm tus poj niam dej - lub Tigris thiab lub Euphrates. Tias qhov no av tau inhabited los ntawm coj txawv txawv thiab mysterious Sumerians, uas hu ua lawv tus kheej lub "neeg ntawm Blackheads."

ntaub ntawv txhob

Lub Sumerians yog lub npe hu ua lub ancient astronomers. Nws astronomers thiab astrologers ua tsis yog, uas ua rau lawv lub ancient tej lus qhia ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb. Lawv tsim muaj tau ua ib tug zoo heev cuneiform. Qhov no system ntawm kev sau ntawv, tej yam tshwm sim uas zoo li tus ib txwm tuav, wedges. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lawv alphabetic system tau txais nws txawv npe.

Nyob rau hauv cov centuries lub tsuas muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas rau kev sau ntawv yog cov av nplaum. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, ib yam dab tsi yuav tsum tau sau nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij. Tab sis! Firstly, hnav khaub ncaws tawv - ib daim tsis pheej yig, txawm los ntawm hnub no tus qauv. Secondly, cov neeg paub hais tias lub tawv scroll yuav tsis ciaj sia muaj hluav taws kub, qhov ntxeem tau ntawm nas los yog caij los nag. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txhawj xeeb txog qhov no sau se, cov nyiaj qiv nyiaj, cov kws kho mob ... Nyob rau hauv luv luv, tag nrho cov neeg uas nws ua hauj lwm yog ncaj qha nyob raws li qhov ncaj ncees ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas lawv tau txais. Tab sis dab tsi yog qhov av nplaum ntawm phau ntawv no? Ntawm cov hoob kawm, cov ntaub ntawv rau ntawm qhov chaw yog me npaum li cas ...

kev ntaub ntawv

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws raug rho tawm haujlwm av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj, rau ntawm qhov chaw uas yog thov kom muaj cov ntaub ntawv ua hauj lwm ua ntej ntsawj mus rau ib tug mos mos billet rauv. Niaj hnub nimno bricks rau ntawm qhov chaw uas muaj lub cim ntawm lub chaw tsim tshuaj paus, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb - tib yam "phau ntawv".

Tus thawj "media" ntawm no hom tau tsim dua plaub txhiab xyoo ua ntej cov ntseeg era. Tus duab thiab luaj li cas ntawm cov "cov phau ntawv" yog sib txawv heev. Twb tiaj tus, convex, oval thiab square, "ib phau ntawv" ... Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog cov loj ntawm ib tug tsis tu ncua phau ntawv sau, tab sis lwm tus yog ib tug kab pheeb ces kaum ntau dua tshaj 45 cm! Hais tias yog dab tsi hauv phau ntawv av nplaum.

Yuav ua li cas los tsim xws li ib tug phau ntawv?

Lub tshuab yog yooj yim, txawm heev, thawj sau muab npaj thiab tsim workpiece rau ib tug ruaj thiab theem nto, thiab ces, armed nrog ib tug sharpened stick, pib nyem tawm rau daim ntawv lo ntawm lub cuneiform cim ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv. Nws "cov lis" ancient sau khaws cia kwv yees li tib txoj kev uas niaj hnub no peb yuav tuav ib tug cwj mem. Saib cov me nyuam ua si, ib yam dab tsi ua rau sau nyob rau hauv ib tug sandbox: nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lawv yog muab piv rau lub ancient masters.

Yuav kom paub meej flatness thiab parallelism thov mus rau av nplaum cim, ua ntej pib phaj feem ntau cim tawm siv ib tug taut txoj hlua. Feem ntau cov tub sau ntawv sau tsis tau tsuas yog ntawm ob sab ntawm cov phau ntawv, tab sis txawm nws muaj kev tswj kom muab tso rau cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv nws cov xaus. Ancient "chaw ua hauj lwm neeg ua hauj lwm" raug rho tawm haujlwm hauv lub tiav lawm daim ntawv nyob rau hauv qhov cub. Txawm li cas los, feem ntau txheej "daim ntawv" tsuas qhuav nyob rau hauv lub hnub. Yog hais tias rau ib co yog vim li cas tus ntaus khoom tsis muaj lub sij hawm rau tag lawv ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug mus, nws yog qhwv nyob rau hauv ib tug phuam ntaub workpiece.

Raws li cov neeg tau coj nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj?

Sumerian cuneiform compact saib ntawm tsab ntawv tsis yog. Lawm, rau cov creation ntawm ntau dua los yog tsawg uas nws kim heev sau los ntawm ncees, rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom los yog ib yam dab tsi zoo li uas tshuav dozens yog hais tias tsis pua pua ntawm cov av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj. Raws li nws twb teem los ntawm lub "cov ntsiab lus" ntawm cov phau ntawv? Tom qab tag nrho, ib tug intuitive nrhiav tsis muaj!?

Qhov nruab nrab Sumerian phau ntawv thiab nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb muaj ib tug teb ci daim hlau. Los ntawm ib txoj hauj lwm cia li tawm - nyob rau hauv lub xeem cim rau cov nplooj ntawv no peb muab tso rau ib tug sib sib zog nqus hla txoj kab, thiab nyob rau hauv nws sau phau ntawv xov tooj, uas yog lub continuation ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. Cov npe feem ntau tau tsim los ntawm lawv cov thawj cov lus. Yog tsis yog nws reminiscent ntawm ib qho kev xaiv kom tseg tau cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub neej ntawd nyob rau hauv tib lub Microsoft Word?

Yog li ntawd peb kawm tau hais tias ib tug av nplaum phau ntawv. Tab sis qhov twg cia tag nrho cov no richness ntawm lub ancient ntiaj teb no? Zoo li tam sim no, rau cov hom phiaj muaj cov tsev qiv ntawv. Yog li ntawd, ceev ntawv profession - ib tug ntawm cov hiob thiab feem ntau fwm nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

ancient tsev qiv ntawv

Tag nrho cov no yog tsis tshua muaj ib qho tseem ceeb ... Tab sis qhov twg cov tsev qiv ntawv phau ntawv yog av nplaum? Lub ib tug uas yog tus thawj nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm noob neej?

Rov qab nyob rau hauv 1841 twb lub capital ntawm Fabkis ceeb telegraphed lus los ntawm Arabia: "Kuv ntseeg hais tias kuv foundations ntawm ancient tsev. Tej zaum lawv yuav nrog zoo yog vim li cas yuav ntaus nqi mus rau lub sij hawm ntawm flowering ntawm lub nroog Ninaves. " Tus neeg uas xa cov lus yog Paul-Emile Botta. Nws Asiatic Society ntawm Fabkis commissioned nrhiav biblical lub nroog Ninaves. Oddly txaus, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm ua rau nws, thiab tus thawj tsev qiv ntawv ntawm cov av nplaum phau ntawv dua ua muaj los rau noob neej.

Cia li ob peb teev tag nrho cov loj ntawv xov xwm ntawm lub sij hawm twb tag nrho ntawm sensational muaj nuj nqis qhia ntawm cov loj tshaj archaeological discoveries. Thiab rau xws li ib tug hype muaj zoo yog vim li cas: tom qab tag nrho, tab sis kom txog thaum lub hnub ntawm cov hauj lwm science tsis muaj tej ntaub ntawv uas yog tsawg kawg yog kom deb li deb raws li ib co yuav tau ncaim ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub ancient Iyiv pyramids. Ntawm cov finds yog Botta thiab ib chav qiv ntawm cov av nplaum phau ntawv. Lub nroog ntawm lub nroog Ninaves yog tsis tsuas cov pov thawj los ua ib tug kev muaj tiag, tab sis kuj yuav txhawb kev kawm rau noob neej feem ntau nqi lus, muaj nyob rau hauv lub "phab ntawv" cim av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj.

Assyria tsev qiv ntawv

Nyob rau hauv 1852, ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj archaeologists ntawm nws lub sij hawm, Genri Ostin Layard, dhau lawm, ras lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb qhib. Nws muaj peev xwm khawb tawm lub palace ntawm lub xeem vaj ntxwv Axilias Ashurbanipal, uas lub contemporaries respectfully hu ua "lub tsev ntawm kev taw qhia thiab pab tswv yim." Nws yog muaj hais tias yog tus loj tshaj kev txawj ntse muaj nqis ntawm cov sij hawm - lub zoo tsev qiv ntawv ntawm cov av nplaum phau ntawv, uas tus vaj ntxwv ntawm Axilia sau thoob plaws hauv nws reign.

Lub keeb kwm paradox: yuav luag peb xyoo lawm lub zoo tshaj plaws sau monuments ntawm bygone centuries pw huddled nyob rau hauv lub qab daus ntawm lub British Tsev khaws puav pheej. Nws tsuas yog tom qab thawj kauj ruam ua nyob rau hauv deciphering lub writings ntawm ancient neeg, historians thaum kawg pom tau hais yuav ua li cas muaj nuj nqis (tab sis yog dab tsi yog muaj, priceless!) Cov khoom muaj nqis aimlessly sib sau ua ke hmoov av nyob rau hauv lub vaults ... Txij thaum ntawd los pib lub systematic deciphering tag nrho cov nyob phau ntawv.

Qhov zoo tau ntawm Ashurbanipal

Ntau tshaj peb txhiab xyoo cais peb los ntawm lub caij thaum cov vajntxwv kawg ntawm lub warlike neeg dictated rau nws sau obscure lus uas tau dim los ntawm lub depths ntawm centuries. Nws hais tias nws tau txib kom mus khob lub pob zeb inscriptions, tej hauj lwm ntawm kev sau ntawv, kos duab, uas tsis tau kawm los yog nyeem nws cov predecessors. Tus huab tais taw tes qhia tawm los, nws yog txaus siab ntawm nws muaj peev xwm los nyeem thiab nws hais kom ua mus rau faib lub tsev qiv ntawv mus rau hauv partitions.

Los ntawm txoj kev, yog dab tsi yog lub koom haum ntawm tsev qiv ntawv phau ntawv av nplaum? Nyob rau hauv hauv paus ntsiab lus, nws yog tsis ntau sib txawv ntawm hnub no. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, los ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem division tsis yog, tab sis cov phau ntawv cia li mus txheeb los ntawm sau, lub teb chaws thiab thiaj li nyob .. Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv sau qhov chaw tau muab tso rau loj loj racks. Cov tsev qiv ntawv twb mus los ntawm lub rangers. Qhov ntawd yog qhov chaw uas muaj lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm cov av nplaum phau ntawv, uas qhib thawj niaj hnub civilization.

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias seem ntawm nws tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas. Feem ntau ntawm cov phau ntawv nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm twb muab faib mus rau hauv nyias muaj nyias ib shards, yog li ntawd lub seev suab yog tseem.

zoo tsev qiv ntawv

Kuv yuav tsum hais tias lub npe ntawm Ashurbanipal txhob txwm dim millennia. Qhov tseeb hais tias tus huab tais tau qhia nws tus kheej yuav tsis tshua muaj feemxyuam organizer, ib tug ntse politician thiab ib tug txiv neej uas twb yeej xav nyob rau hauv kab lis kev cai thiab science. Nws nkawd hais tias nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm nyuaj rau lwm cov neeg Axilias es huab tais yuav tsis yog nrhiav tau lub sij hawm rau cov kev kawm.

Nws muab tso rau ib tug tiag tiag Herculean kev rau siab mus tso saib qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov av nplaum thaum lub tsev qiv ntawv phau ntawv nyob rau hauv nws lub xeev. Lub nroog ntawm lub nroog Ninaves yog tus scientific thiab kev cai center tsis tau tsuas yog Axilia tab sis tag nrho cov ces uas twb muaj lawm lub teb chaws. Nws muab ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj cai, raws li uas lub teb chaws pib tsav tsheb pua pua ntawm cov kws sau ntawv, tab tom nrhiav rau tag nrho cov kuaj ntawm lus kos duab. Nrhiav xws li, lawv tseem yog raws nraim theej thiab xa mus rau lub capital rau cia. Ntawm no yog yuav ua li cas tsev qiv ntawv phau ntawv nyob rau hauv av nplaum lub nroog Ninaves tau txais cov priceless phau ntawv sau.

Nws tau txais lub caij nyoog luam cov ntawv ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, sau ntawv nyob rau hauv ancient lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Egypt, thiab feem ntau ntawm Assyria, Npanpiloo thiab Akkad. Thaum lub tsev qiv ntawv twb tshwm sim los ntawm Botta, nws muaj txog 20,000 vuas. Niaj hnub nimno zaum uas analyzed cov ntaub ntawv fwm, tsaug nyuaj, feem ntau yuav, nws yog ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 100,000 tus ntawv nyob rau hauv lub vaults uas cia! Alas, tab sis lawv yeej poob peb civilization mus ib txhis. Cov naas ej tsev qiv ntawv ntawm cov av nplaum phau ntawv yog powerless mus yuam destructional lub sij hawm.

Cov nqi tshaj plaws nrws ntawm ancient cia

Nws tsis ntev ua tseeb hais tias cov Axilia thiab Babylonians paub txig ua lej. Twb tshaj li ob txhiab xyoo ua ntej cov ntseeg era ntawm tus zaum twb tau mus daws tau heev geometrical teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv hauv paus ntsiab lus, tus naas ej Dai vaj Babylon tsis muaj tej suav yuav tsis yooj yim sua los ua, thiaj li hais tias zaum tsuas paub tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lawv cov conjecture.

Qhov twg zoo nqi ua hauj lwm rau astronomy. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv tau sau rau yuav luag ib xyoo txhiab thiab ib tug ib nrab ua ntej lub sij hawm ntawm Ashurbanipal. Tus nqi ntawm cov phau ntawv yog hais tias nws yog ib qho yooj yim kom khiav ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm astronomical science los ntawm ancient sij hawm. Nws muab tawm hais tias lub ziggurats, uas yog hu los ntawm ntau visionaries ntawm peb lub sij hawm, yog cov thawj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no observatories. Los ntawm xyoo mus rau xyoo cov pov thawj tau nrog lawv, pom lub zog ntawm xilethi-aus lub cev, accumulating invaluable paub. Lawv nrog cov loj tshaj trepidation nkag mus rau hauv cov av nplaum ntawm cov phau ntawv, uas muaj ib tug yees duab nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.

ancient daim ntawv qhia hnub

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv uas zaum muaj cov ancient cov phau ntawv, cov neeg Axilias tej neeg thiab Babylon twb tau mus twv seb daim thiab hnub ci eclipses, paub tag nrho txog lub orbits ntawm tag nrho cov vaj xilethi-aus lub cev, uas yuav tsum tau pom nrog tus liab qab qhov muag. Ntiaj chaw ntawm lub hnub qub nyob rau hauv cov hnub lawv kuj tau kawm kom paub qhov txawv. Muaj ntau lub rooj nrog suav ntawm interstellar mus. Nws yog tsab, tab sis muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv yog heev muaj tseeb. Qhov no yog tsis yog li ntawd ntev dhau los, txawm sau ib tug zoo-paub Kazakh txawj sau ntawv Suleimenov. "Av nplaum Phau Ntawv", nws lub xeem ua hauj lwm, zaj dab neeg yog cia li hais txog cov laus lub sij hawm.

Raws li centuries-laus pom ntawm lub hli thiab lub hnub, lub pov thawj ua lawv daim ntawv qhia hnub. Nws yog incredibly zoo rau cov sij hawm, vim hais tias nws tso cai rau paub lub sij hawm pib ntawm sowing thiab ntxawm ntawm cov qoob loo. Tsis ceeb, astronomers Assyria thiab Npanpiloos enjoyed xws hwm thiab kev hwm nyob rau hauv lub ancient ntiaj teb no.

Thaj paub txog lub ancient

Heev xav nyob rau hauv lub ancient historians 'thaj atlases, "kuj pom ntawm cov tseem muaj sia nyob cov phau ntawv. Txawm tias cov ntawv teev lus heev txheej thaum ub, rau nws yog tseem ua tau kom paub lub ntaem ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws rau Urartu. Axilia txawm lub tiag tiag ntawm cov rau geography, uas qhia cov npe ntawm lub teb chaws thiab lawv cov capitals, lub npe ntawm cov dej ntws thiab loj cheeb tsam. Txawm li cas los, tus ntaus ntawv ntawm lub surrounding ntiaj teb no, lawv paub zoo heev me ntsis, feem ntau ua los ntawm zoo heev theories.

Yog li, cov av nplaum thawj phau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub geography ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb yog saib raws li qhov chaw ntawm tag nrho cov yam. Txawm li cas los, yuav luag tib yam kev xav tau nrog tus zaum ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog, thiaj li tsis muaj dab tsi xav tsis thoob.

Kev kho mob kev lag luam

Txawm zoo dua, nws yog hnov los ntawm cov fwm kho mob treatises. Civilization ntawm Npanpiloo Axilia tseem ntseeg hais tias cov kab mob yog tshwm sim los thiaj tau tuaj los ntawm cov ntsujplig phem. Cov phau ntawv muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov khawv koob tsav tus tom kawg. Historians tau pom txawm lub authoritative lub tswv yim ntawm cov txiv neeb ntawm cov sij hawm, uas tau sau hais txog qhov yuav tsum tau rau tej pwm ib tug av nplaum daim duab ntawm ib tug dab uas tsim txom lub cev ntawm tus neeg mob. Tom qab no menyuam roj hmab txhawb kom ua kom puas.

Oddly, tab sis nyob rau hauv tej yam, nws tau mus txog startling heights phais. Yog li, cov kev kho mob phau ntawv nyob rau av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj kho txawm nyuaj heev (xws li los ntawm niaj hnub qauv) mob plab phais. Txawm li cas los, cov Axilia mus txog heights tsis tag nrho: piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm cov kev kho mob plawv ntawm lub sij hawm xam tau tias yog raws li ib tug "repository ntawm tus ntsuj plig," thiab lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub paj hlwb nyob rau hauv kev neeg tsis xav dab tsi.